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Memories of the Future: New Insights Into the Adaptive Value of Episodic Memory Memories of the Future: New Insights into the Adaptive Value of Episodic Memory The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Szpunar, Karl K., Donna Rose Addis, Victoria C. McLelland, and Daniel L. Schacter. 2013. “Memories of the Future: New Insights into the Adaptive Value of Episodic Memory.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 7 (1): 47. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00047. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00047. Published Version doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00047 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11708605 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA OPINION ARTICLE published: 23 May 2013 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00047 Memories of the future: new insights into the adaptive value of episodic memory Karl K. Szpunar 1,2*, Donna Rose Addis 3,4, Victoria C. McLelland 3,4 and Daniel L. Schacter 1,2 1 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2 Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 3 School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 4 Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Hans J. Markowitsch, University of Bielefeld, Germany Reviewed by: Hans J. Markowitsch, University of Bielefeld, Germany Katharina Schnitzspahn, University of Geneva, Switzerland Ingvar (1979, p. 21) theorized that memory (1) enhanced memory for event details that ing trip, or imagining a typical campsite plays a key role in allowing individuals to are encoded with the future in mind, (2) without reference to the past or future. construct “alternative hypothetical behavior factors that may influence the retention of During the simulation/retrieval task, par- patterns in order to be ready for what may simulated future events over extended time ticipants were asked to indicate how likely happen,” a process that he characterized as a periods, and (3) neural correlates associated it was that various items (e.g., tent, rope) “simulation of behavior”. Several years later, with encoding simulated future events. were incorporated into their self-generated Ingvar elaborated these ideas by observing Next, we provide a brief overview of this scenarios. After a brief delay, participants that “concepts about the future, like mem- emerging line of research, underscore the were presented with a blank sheet of paper ories of past events, can be remembered, significance of various findings along with and asked to recall the list of items asso- often in great detail” (Ingvar, 1985, p. 128), suggestions for future research directions, ciated with the simulation/retrieval task. and that such “memories of the future” may and conclude by discussing the relevance Participants who had simulated a future offer important insights into the adaptive of this work to the concept of episodic camping trip remembered more items than nature of human cognition. For instance, memory. As we expand on below, it is our participants who had remembered a camp- although the ability to simulate alternative opinion that these new studies represent not ing trip or simulated a typical campsite in versions of the future can benefit behavior, only a useful extension of Ingvar’s (1979, an atemporal manner. at least part of the adaptive advantage of 1985) seminal observations, but that they Notably, Klein et al. (2010) included future thinking may depend on the abil- also offer novel insights into the adaptive a fourth encoding condition that asked a ity to remember the contents of simulated value of episodic memory. separate group of participants to imagine events (for discussion, see Suddendorf a hypothetical camping scenario in which and Corballis, 1997, 2007; Szpunar, 2010; FUTURE-ORIENTED ENCODING they were stranded in a forest, and to indi- Schacter, 2012; Schacter et al., 2012). As PROCESSES ENHANCE RETENTION cate how likely it was that the same set an example, enlisting mental simulations Klein et al. (2012, p. 240) have recently of items (e.g., tent, rope) would enhance of the future to help determine the best noted that systems of memory, includ- their chances of survival. This latter condi- approach for resolving a conflict at home ing episodic memory, may be “designed tion was included in response to a recent or in the workplace may confer few advan- by evolution to interface with systems of series of studies by Nairne and colleagues tages if the outcome of the simulation long-term planning” (see also Suddendorf demonstrating that attending to the sur- process is not remembered at the time the and Corballis, 2007). Accordingly, memory vival value of to-be-encoded information simulated behavior is executed. Although systems should be more efficient in dealing also enhances retention relative to other much research exists concerning prospec- with encoding manipulations that encour- well-established encoding manipulations tive memory – remembering to carry out age future-oriented processes such as plan- (for a review, see Nairne, 2010). Klein et al. future intentions (e.g., Kliegel et al., 2008; ning than other well-established encoding (2010) hypothesized that survival process- see also Brewer and Marsh, 2009) – there is a manipulations that are not necessarily ori- ing may enhance retention to the extent that striking lack of evidence concerning “mem- ented toward the future (e.g., imagery, self- it calls upon future-oriented processes such ory of the future” in the sense discussed by relevance; see also Klein et al., 2002; Klein as planning. Along these lines, Klein et al. Ingvar, that is, memory for the contents of et al., 2010; McDonough and Gallo, 2010). (2010) further suggested that the survival future simulations. Recently, however, sev- A recent line of research supports this pre- scenario might evoke planning in some par- eral studies have provided the first glimpses diction. Klein et al. (2010) asked separate ticipants but not others; for instance, some into how well people remember details groups of participants to think about one of participants may think about the survival associated with simulated future events. In three camping scenarios: imagining a future scenario in an atemporal manner. Hence, particular, these studies have demonstrated camping trip, remembering a past camp- while details associated with the survival Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org May 2013 | Volume 7 | Article 47 | 1 Szpunar et al. Memories of the future scenario should be better remembered than operations (for a review, see Johnson, scenarios comprising people, locations, details associated with scenarios that do not 1988). Building on the results of Johnson and objects that had been extracted from evoke planning (e.g., remembering a camp- and others, McDonough and Gallo (2010) autobiographical memories or participant- ing trip), details associated with the sur- found that people were able to make use of generated lists. Memory for simulations vival scenario should not be remembered phenomenological characteristics such as was tested either shortly after simulation as well as details associated with scenarios perceptual clarity and cognitive operations (20 min) or after an extended delay (24 h) that always evoke planning (e.g., imagining when discriminating between memories by providing two elements of the simu- a future camping trip). Klein et al. (2010) of past and future events. Interestingly, the lated episode (e.g., person and object) and found support for both of these predictions. authors also found that the distinguishing probing for recall of the third element In a subsequent study, Klein et al. (2011) characteristics of future events – cognitive (e.g., location). Interestingly, more emo- systematically varied the involvement of operations – were more diagnostic in dis- tional simulations (i.e., positive and nega- planning and survival processing in vari- criminating between memories of past and tive events) were remembered than neutral ous simulated scenarios, and found that future events than were the distinguishing simulations after the short delay, whereas participants were better able to remember characteristics of memories – perceptual more positive and neutral simulations were details associated with scenarios that had clarity. Accordingly, McDonough and remembered than negative simulations after evoked planning, whether or not survival Gallo (2010) noted that this latter pattern the long delay. That is, negative simulations processing was relevant, than details asso- of results might reflect the workings of a were forgotten more quickly than positive ciated with survival scenarios that had not memory system whose primary function and neutral simulations. This pattern of evoked planning. involves “imagination and planning for data may reflect the influence of fading Nonetheless, some studies have failed future events” (p. 7). affect bias (Walker and Skowronski, 2009), to demonstrate a mnemonic advantage for In sum, the results of a number of studies such that the affect that binds event details encoding conditions that foster planning have demonstrated that encoding manipu- together (Mather and Sutherland, 2011) as compared to survival processing (e.g., lations that
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