Ngos in the Changing Era of Development Cooperation
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1 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation A blessing in disguise? NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation Details of the student Name: Lianne M.G. Kappert ANR: 710206 Details of the supervisors First supervisor: Prof. Dr. J.M.M.L. Soeters Second reader: Dr. J. Goedee Master Thesis Circle Internationalization and organizational culture July 19, 2011 2 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation “I think that the golden years of Dutch development cooperation are over and that development organizations truly have to be aware. The wind will blow out of the other corner.” Stated by a respondent of this study in April 2011. July 19, 2011 3 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation PREFACE This Master thesis is the result of about seven months of research for the Masters program Organization Studies at Tilburg University. During the six years of my study I became intrigued by the (strategic) behavior of organizations, particularly in the way they interact with their environment. At the same time my board year for AIESEC Tilburg and my volunteer work for Cross Your Borders nourished my interest for international development cooperation and corresponding politics. When I was selected for the circle ‘Internationalization and Organization Culture’ I aimed to combine both fields of interests by studying the changes in the Dutch development cooperation sector from an NGO perspective. While looking back at the entire process, it was a unique opportunity for me to take a look behind the scenes of four established Dutch NGOs, the Second Chamber, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and experts in the Dutch development cooperation field. All single interviews inspired me and I am thankful that the 19 respondents of this study were willing to share their story, insights and opinion with me. Besides the interviewees, more people were of great importance during this research process. First, I would like to thank the Evert Vermeer Foundation for their trust, support and warm welcome. A special word of thanks goes out to Mijke Elbers from the EVF who thought along with me from the very first beginning and helped me to open doors that I could have never opened myself. In addition, I could not have written this Master thesis without my family and closest friends who assisted me to stay motivated at all times and shared lunch and (too) many coffee breaks with me at the University. Finally, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sjo Soeters for steering this research process into the right direction with his expertise. I genuinely hope that this master thesis sheds some new light on the dynamic Dutch development cooperation system and the role of NGOs in this whole. For me it certainly did, and I experienced it as a challenging learning path! Lianne Kappert Tilburg, July 2011 July 19, 2011 4 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation ABSTRACT The Dutch development cooperation sector has been under fierce debate in the past few years. Increased critical sounds from both the political and societal climate arose and simultaneously the Dutch government implemented several new policies from 2008 onwards with the intention to make the Dutch development cooperation system more effective. Inevitably, Dutch NGOs need to go along with and give an answer to these changes, which entails that the current development cooperation sector finds itself in tumultuous times. The main aim of this study is to investigate how Dutch NGOs strategically responded to the policy changes of the government and to examine how these movements led to a new role for NGOs. By means of a comparative case study of four Dutch NGOs, the phenomenon was analyzed and conclusions were drawn based on semi-structured interviews with employees of NGOs, experts and political persons out of the Dutch development cooperation field. It turned out that the four NGOs mostly acquiesced with the institutional pressure, above all applied a strategic focus and that the changing era of development cooperation stimulated isomorphism among NGOs. In addition, a new role for NGOs has set in based on the changes: a shift towards a more supportive and political role will take place. Future research should focus on longitudinal and transparent data to shed more light on the actual differences and increased effectiveness of the strategic responses and policy changes. Key words: NGOs, Dutch development cooperation sector, policy changes, strategic responses, isomorphism and NGO role. July 19, 2011 5 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Research problem ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Research question ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Relevance of the research................................................................................................................... 7 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 History of the Dutch development cooperation sector ...................................................................... 9 2.2 Institutional pressure from changes in the Dutch development policy ........................................... 12 2.3 Strategic responses to institutional pressure ................................................................................... 19 2.4 Conceptual model ............................................................................................................................. 26 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Research strategy and design ........................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 Sample strategy ................................................................................................................................ 30 3.4 Case descriptions .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.5 Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Research quality indicators ............................................................................................................... 34 FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1 The changing era of development cooperation ................................................................................ 35 4.2 Shifting relationship between the Dutch government and NGOs .................................................... 37 4.3 Political climate ................................................................................................................................. 39 4.4 The policy changes; opinions and judgments ................................................................................... 41 4.5 Strategic responses of NGOs ............................................................................................................. 43 4.6 New role for NGOs ............................................................................................................................ 57 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 60 5.1 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 60 5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 68 5.3 Limitations ......................................................................................................................................... 69 5.4 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 70 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 73 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 79 July 19, 2011 6 NGOs in the changing era of development cooperation INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research problem The Dutch development cooperation sector has been under fierce debate in the past few years. Since his appointment as Minister for Development Cooperation in 2007, Minister Koenders strived for modernization in order to generate a more efficient development cooperation system (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008; WRR Report, 2010). With the introduction of several new policy interventions, such as the co-financing system II, radical cut downs and the publishing of the ‘Less Pretension,