pull the corner KWKWARTALNIKARTALNIK ISSNISSN 1643-87791643-8779 EN 14(66)(53) 20182014 BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA Role of red fox in the spread of the tapeworm Dlaczego koala jestDigital cool? spatial data in environmental education / Współczesna estetyka przyrody /Bacterial Wszystko species o kortyzolu – from theory to practice / Questioning the author: jak modelować dialogiMoulds na lekcjach? – friends or enemies? / Scenariusz lekcji: komórki macierzysteHealth education in science coursebooks 1 1/2018in this issue: geography health biology chemistry how to teachideas reviewsevents research scenarios tasks photos SCIENCE environmentphysics SCHOOL web sources IN SHORT informations nature how to draw attention recent discoveries 3 Marek Bartoszewicz 34 Wojciech Pokojski, Joanna Angiel, Paulina Pokojska Bacterial species Importance of digital spatial data – from theory to practice in environmental education 8 Olga Aleksandra Paramonova, Adam Tylicki 39 Sebastian Pilichowski, Agnieszka Tokarska-Osyczka, Moulds – friends or enemies? Dominik Osyczka Knowledge about local natural Is there anyInform important us:[email protected] event? 17 Adam Byk, Jacek Piętka monuments – ignorance or flaws SCIENCE Dung beetles and their role of the education system? in the nature 51 Marcin M. Chrzanowski, Ewa Piszczek 27 Dorota Dwużnik, Anna Bajer Elements of health education in science Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a synurbic coursebooks species and its role in the spread of the Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm SCHOOL IN SHORT EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA | ebis.ibe.edu.pl | [email protected] | © for the edition by Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych 2018 2 Editorial board Editorial Editor in chief: Takao Ishikawa Editorial team secretary: Magdalena Rzeszotek Dear Readers, Meritorical editors: Urszula Poziomek, Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa I am happy to announce that Statistical editor: Jacek Haman finally we have completed hard work on the English issue of the Contact: [email protected] quarterly Biological and Envi- Website: ebis.ibe.edu.pl ronmental Education. Now it Address: ul. Górczewska 8, 01-180 Warszawa is ready to be handed off to our readers. In this issue, you will Scientific council their role in the nature. The SCI- present current problems and find articles assigned to either president of the Council: prof. zw. dr hab. Adam Kołątaj ENCE section closes with Red hopes of education in our coun- SCIENCE section or SCHOOL (Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Animal fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a synurbic try. Breeding, Jastrzębiec) section. SCIENCE species and its role in the spread I would like to thank Pol- vice-president of the Council: prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Potyrała In the present issue, we of- of the Echinococcus multilocula- ish Ministry of Science and (Pedagogical University in Cracow) fer you wide variety of articles ris tapeworm. Higher Education for financial and: prof. dr hab. Danuta Cichy, dr hab. Ondrej Hronec (University aligned in growing size of the The SCHOOL section con- support upon English trans- of Presov, Slovakia), prof. dr hab. Daniel Raichvarg (University main characters of each article. of Bourgogne in Dijon, France), prof. dr hab. Valerij Rudenko tains three articles: Importance lation of all texts published SCIENCE section begins with (University of Chernivtsi, Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. Wiesław of digital spatial data in envi- in this issue. Dedicated work Stawiński (prof. em. of Pedagogical University in Cracow), Bacterial species – from theory to ronmental education, Knowl- of our colleagues from Insti- dr Renata Jurkowska (University of Stuttgart, Germany), practice. You would be surprised dr Paul Davies (University of London) edge about local natural monu- tute of Educational Research, SCHOOL if you are used to the concept of ments – ignorance or flaws of the Karolina Kwiatosz and Mar- Apart from the council the journal has also council teams biological species known for education system? and Elements cin Trepczyński, is also greatly and reviewers – see at: ebis.ibe.edu.pl animals or plants. How it can be of Health Education in Science acknowledged. different in the world of bacte- Publisher Coursebooks. The last article is a Happy Holidays and enjoy ria? The answer is in the above- Publisher: Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych, comprehensive review on health English issue of Biological and mentioned article. If you pre- ul. Górczewska 8, 01-180 Warszawa education in Poland. Especially Environmental Education. fer a bit larger organisms, you Project of the front-page: Marcin Broniszewski if you reached our quarterly should get familiar with follow- DTP: Marcin Trepczyński from abroad, you are strongly Kind regards, IN SHORT ing articles: Moulds – friends or encouraged to read articles pub- enemies? and Dung beetles and Takao Ishikawa The journal has 8 points lished in this section as they and is indexed in: CEJSH and Index Copernicus. The original version is the electronical version published at the website: ebis.ibe.edu.pl This issue is published entirely in English and has a Polish copy. The English version is the original one. Wydanie anglojęzyczne jest finansowane ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w ramach projektu 861/P-DUN/2016. EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA | ebis.ibe.edu.pl | [email protected] | © for the edition by Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych 2018 Bacterial species – from theory to practice | Marek Bartoszewicz | EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA 1/2018 3 phylogenetic origin (Mayr, 1982). While this concept is known. Finally, Louis Pasteur demonstrated micro- Bacterial species accepted, it may be problematic in case of numerous biological fermentation and suggested that microbes organisms. Problems may be linked to interspecific hy- may cause diseases of mammals, including humans. – from theory to practice bridization, presence of chromosomal races like among However, the milestone in bacterial taxonomy was common shrews (Fedyk and Chetnicki, 2007; Ratkie- reached by Robert Koch and his procedure for isolation Marek Bartoszewicz wicz et al., 2002) or ring species observed among birds. of pure bacterial cultures using solid media for bacte- Next exceptions can be seen when organisms reproduce rial growth. Using recent findings, a basic and artificial DOI: 10.24131/3247.180101 asexually (by mitosis) or when parthenogenesis occurs. taxonomy focused especially morphology of cells and Summary: Moreover, in paleontology it is rather impossible to ver- colonies, as well as bacterial properties and virulence ify sexual reproduction of extinct life-forms. was constructed. Next, biochemical activity gained Although the Mayr’s definition of species is commonly Unfortunately, this definition is also inappropri- importance, usually followed by numerical analy- accepted for eukaryotic organisms, bacteria do not meet ate in bacteriology. Bacterial diversity is much higher ses. Nevertheless, the discovery of molecular meth- those established criteria. Thus, a special approach is nec- than observed among other organisms, probably due ods and elaboration of several DNA-based techniques essary to elaborate the definition resistant to such limita- tions as for example the lack of sexual reproduction or to common occurrence in soil, air, water and food, has allowed for a real progress in bacterial taxonomy SCIENCE horizontal gene transfers. One of the most problematic their fast multiplication (time of generation under op- (Maughan and van der Auwera, 2011). In this approach, taxa in microbiology is the Bacillus cereus group com- timal conditions often does not exceed 30 minutes) total DNA-DNA hybridization level (depicting an over- posed of several closely related bacteria. Thus, on the basis and weak correctional activities of their polymerases all similarity between compared genomes) and G+C of this model, doubts concerning bacterial taxonomy are (Cohan, 2002a; 2002b). Moreover, haploid genome and content (measuring a proportion of guanine and cyto- discussed in the light of actual, molecular data. intensive horizontal gene transfer complicate their di- sine nucleotides in total DNA) were assessed (Małek et Key words: taxonomy, phylogeny, species, bacteria versity even more. Next, still bacterial diversity is only al., 2005). However, these techniques have also several particularly explored and only a small part of bacterial limitations. For example, similar values of G+C content received: 29.05.2017; accepted: 30.06.2017; published: 13.12.2017 species has been already described (Cohan and Perry, are often observed for distinct taxa, while DNA-DNA SCHOOL 2007). In some circumstances, specific requirements hybridization is expensive and time-consuming, tricky Marek Bartoszewicz, Ph.D.: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, (e.g. nutrients, media composition, and pressure) lead method. Nowadays, nucleotide sequencing techniques University of Bialystok to problems with cultivation of bacteria. However pure including analysis of ribosomal RNA organized in rrn bacterial culture is necessary in order to describe a new operon (Fig. 1) or sequencing of so-called housekeep- species (Małek et al., 2005). The scope of this paper is to ing genes (multi-locus sequence typing) enable the de- describe the actual knowledge focused on the concept velopment of natural system reflecting the phylogeny of bacterial species and to discuss important problems and evolutionary traits of bacteria domain (Rasko et al., Introduction IN SHORT with cohesive taxonomy