DOCSLIB.ORG

Access to More: Creating Energy Choices for Refugees a Report About Collaborative Approaches to Providing Energy in Displacement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Access to More: Creating Energy Choices for Refugees a Report About Collaborative Approaches to Providing Energy in Displacement Report July 2020 Access to more: creating energy choices for refugees A report about collaborative approaches to providing energy in displacement. SHELL, DALBERG AND VIVID ECONOMICS About 2 About Shell International Energy has been Shell’s business for over 125 years. Over the decades, the Shell group of companies has provided reliable supplies of oil, natural gas and refined fuels around the world, helping to drive economic development. Today, Shell views its contribution to universal access to energy as fundamental to its core purpose: to provide more and cleaner energy. Globally, around 860 million people still lack access to electricity and hundreds of millions more have an unreliable supply. We want to help people gain access to the benefits of electricity and – in line with society’s expectations – Dalberg Advisors Vivid Economics from cleaner sources. That’s why, in 2018, Shell announced its commercial ambition Dalberg Advisors is a strategic Vivid Economics is a leading to deliver a reliable electricity supply to advisory firm combining the strategic economics consultancy with 100 million people, primarily in Africa and best of private sector strategy global reach. It strives to create lasting Asia, by 2030. skills and rigorous analytical value for our clients, both in government Complementary to this and in capabilities with deep knowledge and the private sector, and for society order to help address one of the and networks across emerging and at large. world’s most pressing societal frontier markets. It has a dedicated Vivid Economics is a premier issues, Shell in 2019 announced the Energy practice to help clients – from consultant in the policy commerce social investment “Enter Energy” governments to multinationals and interface and resource- and project to support energy access financial institutions – increase the supply environment-intensive sectors, where for refugees and displaced people of economically viable, environmentally it advises on the most critical and and their host communities. In close sustainable, socially equitable energy. complex policy and commercial collaboration with partners from the Its expertise spans designing evidence- questions facing clients around the humanitarian and private sector, Shell based strategies for entering emerging world. The success it brings to its clients will work to equip displaced people & markets, developing business models reflects a strong partnership culture, host communities, energy enterprises and for doing business with low-income solid foundation of skills and analytical humanitarian actors with the relevant data, consumers, policy analysis, and assets, and close cooperation with a skills and financial mechanisms to build innovative financing to find energy large network of contacts across key local energy markets. delivery models. organizations. Access to more: creating energy choices for refugees Acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements This report was commissioned by (Vivid Economics - Director), Kendrick Shell International and developed in Hung (Dalberg – Project Manager), and partnership with Dalberg Advisors Aditi Sahni (Vivid Economics - Project and Vivid Economics. It draws on input Manager). The team was supported by a provided by a wide range of stakeholders, dedicated team of writers, interviewers, including off-grid energy enterprises, and researchers. technical experts, policymakers, Shell International would like humanitarian aid organizations, to extend special thanks to the development partners, researchers, and experts who sat on the advisory displaced persons. We thank everyone panel for this report including: who contributed to this report. Mark Gibson (UNITAR/GPA), Luc Severi The report was prepared by (SEforALL), Cecilia Ragazzi (Mercy an independent advisory team Corps), Nicole Bouris (IFC - Lighting from Dalberg Advisors and Vivid Global), Charlotte Heffer (D. Light/ Economics. The team was led by GOGLA), Kate Montgomery (Acumen) Gaurav Gupta (Dalberg - Partner), and Katrina Pielli (former USAid/Smart Jyothi Vynatheya Oberoi (Dalberg - Communities Coalition). Associate Partner), Alex Kazaglis Shell is grateful for the advice and input received from members of the following organisations. Access to more: creating energy choices for refugees Foreword 4 Foreword: Why we need to share, be determined and collaborate to jointly achieve more I had my first experience need. Governments and humanitarian organisations are having difficulty with a refugee camp in providing this energy, because the number the early nineties when of displaced people across the world is I visited my wife (at the growing, crises are taking longer to time still my girlfriend) solve and the energy needs of people in camps and settlements are becoming who was working in more diverse. This is why governments Ghana on food supply and the humanitarian sector are to camps that housed increasingly asking businesses to help develop energy markets and give people refugees from Togo. in and around settlements the possibility to choose the (renewable) energy they Maarten Wetselaar, Executive I will never forget the hunger and want and need. Committee Member Royal Dutch desperation in that camp. I saw that This report, a collaboration by Shell — Integrated Gas and the life of a refugee is a life with many of Dalberg, Vivid Economics and Shell, New Energies Director its choices taken away. A refugee cannot looks at how these energy markets choose how to live, earn a living, or plan work now, and how they could work for the future. A refugee often does not better in the future. Shell has some even have a choice over whether they experience of providing energy to the can light their homes or cook their food, underserved. We have been helping to because they just don’t have access to the build local energy markets for remote energy they need. communities through our social investment But in that camp, I also saw projects for the last 15 years. And in 2018, great ingenuity, willpower and we launched the ambition to provide humanity. I saw people who wanted reliable energy to 100 million people who to improve their lives. Refugees, but also currently don’t have access to it by 2030. all other displaced people (those forced This is no simple task – and providing to leave their homes but who did not for displaced people is even harder. This cross a border in their search for safety) report gives some guidance on how to and the communities who host them, start: by all those involved sharing our could significantly improve their lives if knowledge, showing our determination they had access to the reliable, clean to succeed and strengthening our and affordable energy they want and collaboration. Access to more: creating energy choices for refugees Foreword 5 Providing energy choices for displaced people is far too complex a challenge for one country, community or company to solve. Energy for All, and the guidance of UNHCR and IOM. Humanitarian and development institutions, NGOs, governments, communities that host camps and settlements and companies that provide local energy access – we all need to work together to remove the obstacles that stand between displaced people and energy choices. First, humanitarian organisations, interviews with people in the Bidi Bidi That brings me to the third step governments and the private camp in Uganda that were done for this we should take. We should adopt a sector should share knowledge. The research show that displaced people who mentality of long-term determination. International Finance Corporation and the were already accustomed to renewable This report confirms that the complexities Moving Energy Initiative, led by Chatham energy in their country of origin, are of the humanitarian system and the House in the UK, for example, have much more willing to spend a bigger part instability of a displaced person’s life published groundbreaking studies that of their budget on cleaner energy than make it difficult for companies to invest. have shown that where there are people, those who have not had that exposure. For entrepreneurs, who hold the key to there is trade. To give just one example, This report also shows the social impact the solution, investment is a long-term Kenya’s Kakuma camp has an estimated that improved access to energy among decision fraught with risk. So, we need 2,000 businesses across various markets displaced people can have: every dollar to find ways to mitigate these risks and within the camp and in its peripheral host spent on better energy access generates enable investments to flow. community, where people spend some between $1.40 and $1.70 in the form Thirty years after my first $56 million a year. So, there is trade in of employment, environmental benefits, experience with a refugee camp, camps, some of which become long-term productivity and time savings. the world still needs to take many homes for many people. But we still need Providing energy choices for steps to improve the lives of refugees to better understand how to support this displaced people is far too complex and displaced people. I hope that basic supply and demand. a challenge for one country, this report can be one of those steps This report doesn’t have all the community or company to solve. This and can start a dialogue about how answers, but hopes to contribute to is why the second step we need to take the private sector can help and play its advancing the knowledge on these is to strengthen our collaboration. Even role. Giving displaced people energy economies and add new insights. this report would not have been possible choices is an opportunity for so many For example, displaced people around without the help of Acumen, the Global people on so many levels. By sharing our the world already spend more than $1.6 Plan of Action for Energy in Displacement, knowledge, showing our determination billion a year to light their homes and GOGLA, The World Bank Group’s and strengthening our collaboration, we cook their food. So, energy markets, Lighting Global, Mercy Corps, the Smart can seize it, for the benefit of those who even if often informal, already exist.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bringing Clean, Safe, Affordable Cooking Energy to Households Across Africa: an Agenda for Action
    Working Paper Bringing clean, safe, affordable cooking energy to households across Africa: an agenda for action Background paper to the Africa Progress Panel 2015 report Power, People, Planet: Seizing Africa’s Energy and Climate Opportunities Fiona Lambe, Marie Jürisoo, Hannah Wanjiru and Jacqueline Senyagwa Executive summary The majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa – some 700 CONTENTS Page million people – rely on traditional biomass for cooking, and while in other regions, biomass use is decreasing, in AfricaPage it continues to rise. If current trends continue, almost 900 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are expected to cook with 1. INTRODUCTION 4 traditional biomass in 2020. Efforts to bring modern energy 2. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PATTERNS IN SUB- access to all – electricity and clean fuels – are far outpaced by SAHARAN AFRICA 5 population growth. 3. IMPACTS OF HEAVY RELIANCE ON Traditional biomass use has multiple negative impacts, TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FOR COOKING 6 most notably on health: 600,000 lives are lost each year 4. OPTIONS FOR ADDRESSING THE COOKSTOVE in sub-Saharan Africa due to exposure to biomass smoke. CHALLENGE 10 The economic costs of high reliance of biomass for cooking 5. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE are also substantial, about US$36.9 billion per year, or AFRICAN CHARCOAL SECTOR 14 2.8% of GDP, including US$29.6 billion from productive time lost gathering fuel and cooking. The impacts are 6. CASE STUDIES: IMPROVED COOKSTOVE INTERVENTIONS ACROSS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17 particularly severe for women and girls, who are typically responsible for these chores. 7. SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SCALING UP COOKSTOVE PROGRAMMES 24 There is a growing body of knowledge and experience about 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Considering Sustainability Factors in the Development Project Life-Cycle
    CONSIDERING SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE: A FRAMEWORK FOR INCREASING SUCCESSFUL ADOPTION OF IMPROVED STOVES By Travis K. Ostrom A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Environmental Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2010 ©2010 Travis K. Ostrom This report, “Considering Sustainability Factors in the Development Project Life-Cycle: A Framework for Increasing Successful Adoption of Improved Stoves,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. Civil and Environmental Engineering Master’s International Program Signatures: Report Advisor ______________________________ James R. Mihelcic Department Chair ______________________________ William M. Bulleit Date ______________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 6 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits and Costs of Cooking Options for Household Air Pollution Control Haïti Priorise
    Benefits and Costs of Cooking Options for Household Air Pollution Control Haïti Priorise Bjorn Larsen Environmental Economist, Freelance © 2017 Copenhagen Consensus Center [email protected] www.copenhagenconsensus.com This work has been produced as a part of the Haiti Priorise project. This project is undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada. The opinions and interpretations in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada. Some rights reserved This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution Please cite the work as follows: #AUTHOR NAME#, #PAPER TITLE#, Haiti Priorise, Copenhagen Consensus Center, 2017. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. Third-party-content Copenhagen Consensus Center does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. Acronyms AF Attributable fraction ALRI Acute lower respiratory infection CB Chronic bronchitis CBV Cerebrovascular disease CCC Copenhagen Consensus Center COPD
    [Show full text]
  • Project Gaia Cook Stove Programme of Activities - Cpa0003 Ethiopia Passport
    PROJECT GAIA COOK STOVE PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES - CPA0003 ETHIOPIA PASSPORT CONTENTS A. Project title B. Project description C. Proof of project eligibility D. Unique Project Identification E. Outcome stAkeholder consultAtion process F. Outcome sustAinAbility assessment G. Sustainability monitoring plan H. AdditionAlity And conservAtiveness deviAtions Annex 1 ODA declArAtions SECTION A. Project Title Title: Project Gaia Cook Stove Programme of Activities - CPA0003 Ethiopia Date: 02/11/2015 Version no.: 0.1 SECTION B. Project description The purpose of the CPA0003, under the Project GaiA Cook Stove ProgrAmme of Activities (PG PoA) is to displace the use of non-renewable biomass and fossil fuel for cooking in refugee households through the distribution of energy efficient cook stoves powered by ethanol, a renewable energy source. The CPA is of the small-scale type falling under sectoral scope: Energy industries renewable/non-renewable sources. The CPA will be implemented in refugee camps within the national boundary of Ethiopia. Stoves units distributed under this CPA will not exceed a total installed/rated capacity of 45MWth while individual stoves will have a rated capacity not exceeding 150 kWth. Project Gaia Inc. will be the Coordinating/Managing Entity (CME) of the programme while the CPA implementer will be Gaia Association. As the CPA implementer, Gaia Association will be responsible for the following: • Ensure that the CPA is implemented. • Operate and maintain the CPA for the duration of the project; • Keep records of parameters as per the monitoring plan and provide hard and electronic records to the CME on a regular basis and provide the CME and DOE with required documents and access to stove users.
    [Show full text]
  • Component C – Review of African Lessons for Scaling Up
    Ethanol as a Household Fuel in Madagascar Component C FINAL REPORT Review of Sub-Saharan Africa Experience in Scaling- up Household Energy Interventions March 2011 Acknowledgements This report was produced by a number of individuals and organisations, a full list of key informants can be found on page 99. The main authors of this report were Liz Bates, Kirstie Jagoe and Jon Rouse. Inputs were also received from Ewan Bloomfield, Steven Hunt and Carla Fox representing Practical Action Consulting. i Executive Summary Ethanol is a fuel of increasing interest to the development community. However, if it is to be adopted on a large scale, comparisons need to be made against other fuels and technologies. At the same time, lessons learnt in disseminating biomass and charcoal technologies can provide useful lessons in its dissemination. Review of programs, technologies and approaches Since the early 1980s there have been wide-ranging international and national strategies to address energy issues in African households. A range of considerations have driven household cooking interventions in differing proportions and with varying degrees of overlap. These concerns comprise; the health impacts of smoke inhalation, particularly on women and children, issues around deforestation and desertification linked with consumption of fuelwood, the impact of burning of fuelwood and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) contributing to climate change, and the drudgery, time lost and danger of women collecting firewood and its cyclical contribution to
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility of Ethanol Fuel for Cooking in Upland Sierra Leone (Pdf)
    Feasibility of Ethanol Fuel for Cooking in Upland Sierra Leone A capstone project submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for The degree of Master of Science in International Agricultural Development University of California, Davis May 2019 Dana Armstrong M.S. Candidate, International Agricultural Development B.A., International Relations University of California, Davis Statement of Conflict of Interest and Consent This study was initiated by Martin Kailie, resident of Sierra Leone and UC Davis Humphrey Fellow. Research protocol was designed by Dana Armstrong (me). Because I was working with Martin, a local individual, and not a large established agency, my access to support in country relied on him. Our research team therefore consisted of myself and another UC Davis student, Martin’s friend Suley Koroma, and Martin’s daughter Massa Kailie. Both Suley and Massa are university graduates and possessed significant experience in research, having been employed by NGOs such as Médecins sans Frontiers and Gallup World Poll. They are experienced researchers but also friends and family of Martin, which may have resulted in unmeasurable bias in data collection or interpretation. Study participants were invited to the study’s orientation session through word of mouth, and because this spread through a network of friends, at least 2/3 of the study participants were friends or acquaintances of Martin Kailie. For this reason, friendship with Martin may have had an unmeasurable effect on purchasing behavior. This study was designated “Not Research” by the IRB, but consent signatures were collected regardless. A copy of the consent form can be found in Appendix C and signed copies can be produced upon request.
    [Show full text]
  • Supply Considerations for Scaling up Clean Cooking Fuels for Household Energy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Supply considerations for scaling up clean cooking fuels for household energy in low- and middle-income countries Puzzolo E.1,2, Zerriffi H.3, Carter E.4, Clemens H.5, Stokes H.6, Jagger P.7, Rosenthal J.8*, Petach H.9* Affiliations 1. University of Liverpool, Department of Public Health and Policy, Liverpool, United Kingdom 2. Global LPG Partnership, New York, USA 3. University of British Columbia, Forest Resources Management, Canada 4. Colorado State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA 5. Hivos, The Hague, The Netherlands 6. Project Gaia, Inc., Gettysburg, PA, USA, 7. University of Michigan, School for Environment and Sustainability USA 8. Fogarty International Center, NIH, USA 9. U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA Correspondence: ThisElisa is Puzzolo, the author PhD, manuscript MPH, MSc accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but hasDepartment not been ofthrough Public theHealth copyediting, and Policy typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which Universitymay lead to of differences Liverpool between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1029/2019GH000208 Whelan Building This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Quadrangle Liverpool L69 3GB [email protected] * DISCLAIMER: The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not represent official statements of the U.S. National Institutes of Health or USAID or the U.S. Government. Funding Support: None. KEYWORDS: clean cooking, fuel supply, household air pollution, clean energy, clean fuels This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT Promoting access to clean household cooking energy is an important subject for policy making in low- and middle-income countries, in light of urgent and global efforts to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 7).
    [Show full text]
  • PRESS INFORMATION the World Bioenergy Award – the Greatest
    PRESS INFORMATION Elmia AB 31 January 2014 The World Bioenergy Award – the greatest acknowledgement for great work in the field of bioenergy Every World Bioenergy has a certain important winner – the winner of the World Bioenergy Award. The acknowledgment is given to someone who has made a difference in the world of bioenergy and the last day for submission of nominations is 7 March. The winner of the World Bioenergy Award 2012 was Mr. Harry Stokes, USA, for his revolutionary global work in developing and promoting clean ethanol stoves and fuels for people who are still constrained to cook with dirty, smoky fuel. The award meant a lot for Harry Stokes and for his team. “The award has provided us with a boost, or moral support, for what we do. It is nice to be recognized for what we do. But the work continues unabated and only hard work can change the way in which the world uses energy”, says Harry Stokes. Harry Stokes has been working on bioenergy solutions for many years and, with others, developed, funded and managed Project Gaia to improve the health, economic status and quality of life of a significant number of families in the developing world. It’s a global initiative that promotes alcohol fuel and appropriate technologies for production and end use, for cooking and other household appliances, with the vision of clean, efficient, affordable and safe cooking for homes in Africa and around the world. It gives the opportunity to move away from dependence on perennially scarce firewood, charcoal, dung, twigs, grass and similar fuels.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-‐Technical Summary Project Gaia Cook Stove
    NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY PROJECT GAIA COOK STOVE PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES (POA) Introduction In many developing countries the dependency on firewood and charcoal as a source of energy is very high1, with around 3 billion people combusting solid fuels in open fires to meet their cooking and heating needs2. As a result, indoor air pollution is one of the ten major threats to health globally, causing almost 2 million deaths annually due to solid fuel use3. In most cases, the collection of firewood and the production of charcoal is done illegally, thus, contributing to deforestation and forest degradation and also resulting in the emission of greenhouse gases. Description of the PoA Project Gaia Incorporation, a multinational non-governmental organization, is establishing a Cook stove Programme of Activities that will cover Ethiopia, Djibouti and Haiti, and will seek registration under the Gold Standard and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The company has years of experience in assisting communities to become energy independent by creating the demand for ethanol for cooking. This is achieved trough the provision of support for the establishment of locally owned micro-distilleries and the distribution of energy efficient ethanol stoves. Through the extensive experience in alcohol powered cook stoves, Project Gaia will act as the Coordinating/Managing Entity of the programme. Objective of the Programme of Activities (PoA) The programme will work towards the distribution of clean, safe and energy efficient cooking stoves powered by ethanol to households/communities in select African and South American countries. The stoves will replace traditional cooking stoves, which utilize firewood and charcoal and fossil fuel based stoves, which use kerosene for heat generation.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Climate Impacts of Traditional Stoves and Fuels
    CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS 3. CLIMATE IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL STOVES AND FUELS Photo credit: Winrock International September 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Winrock International. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. v CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS 3. CLIMATE IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL STOVES AND FUELS Burning solid fuels for cooking emits some of the most significant contributors to global climate change, and unsustainable wood harvesting contributes to deforestation, reducing carbon uptake by forests. Increased fuel efficiency and the introduction of alternative fuels, utilizing renewable fuel sources, can reduce climate emissions caused by cooking. To achieve a significant climate impact, uptake of clean and efficient stoves and fuels must be large, and stoves must perform well in homes. Although not all climate impacts of cooking are fully understood, existing methodologies estimate that clean and efficient stoves can save anywhere from 1-3 tonnes of CO2e/stove/year, with 1-2 tonnes being most common. Photo credit: Winrock International CLIMATE IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL STOVES AND FUELS HTTPS://WWW.USAID.GOV/ENERGY/COOKSTOVES CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS Burning solid fuels for cooking emits some of the most significant contributors to WHY IT MATTERS global climate change, but the climate impacts of cooking, and of shifts to clean cooking, still require further research and exploration. 1. If your project has climate impact goals, make sure the technology you’re promoting has been tested for total emissions, or partner with a reputable testing lab to test the technologies, including in the field, prior to dissemination, to ensure emissions reductions.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Burning Ethanol Stoves
    Clean Burning Ethanol Stoves ‐ Our Mission is to promote clean‐cooking alcohol stoves and fuels for commercial application under local ownership. We are currently engaged in projects in Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Brazil. We wish to facilitate projects in other countries where alcohol fuels can be sourced cheaply and a stove‐fuel market can be established. The Problems with Smoky Stoves: Health: Indoor air pollution is responsible for almost After water, 3% of illness globally and an estimated 1.6 million food, and shelter, deaths per year, with nearly 800,000 deaths among surely a supply of children under 5. Many of these deaths are in Africa. energy for daily living Environment: Overharvesting for fuelwood and charcoal leads to deforestation and desertification. is the quintessential High gas and soot emissions produce greenhouse element in reaching gases and black carbon in the atmosphere, which a better life. adds to warming. Safety: Women and children face harassment, abuse and even rape while gathering firewood. Kerosene Dr. C. A. Stokes, Energy and LPG are dangerous, prone to flare‐up and Expert and a founder of explosion. There are many cases of children poisoned Addis Ababa woman cooking on the 2‐ burner CleanCook stove in her home. Project Gaia by drinking kerosene. The Promise of Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol & Methanol: Alcohol fuels are safer and less polluting than petroleum fuels. They are relatively benign if Contact Us: spilled in the environment. Alcohol fires are extinguished with water. Well‐designed alcohol U.S. ‐ Project Gaia, Inc. stoves produce no harmful emissions and are powerful generators of carbon credits.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean and Efficient Cooking Technologies and Fuels
    CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS THE FUEL-EFFICIENT COOKSTOVES AND CLEAN FUELS SECTOR IS EVOLVING RAPIDLY, ENABLING CROSS-CUTTING SOLUTIONS THAT CAN ACHIEVE GREATER DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS. Photo credit: Winrock International September 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Winrock International. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. v CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 1 Who should use this toolkit? ........................................................................................................................... 1 Why focus on cooking technologies and fuels? ........................................................................................... 1 Sector Evolution and Scale ............................................................................................................................. 4 Important Trends .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Building Blocks for Developing Sustainable Programs ................................................................................ 6 2. GROWING RESEARCH AND
    [Show full text]