DOCSLIB.ORG

Clean and Efficient Cooking Technologies and Fuels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clean and Efficient Cooking Technologies and Fuels CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS THE FUEL-EFFICIENT COOKSTOVES AND CLEAN FUELS SECTOR IS EVOLVING RAPIDLY, ENABLING CROSS-CUTTING SOLUTIONS THAT CAN ACHIEVE GREATER DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS. Photo credit: Winrock International September 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Winrock International. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. v CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 1 Who should use this toolkit? ........................................................................................................................... 1 Why focus on cooking technologies and fuels? ........................................................................................... 1 Sector Evolution and Scale ............................................................................................................................. 4 Important Trends .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Building Blocks for Developing Sustainable Programs ................................................................................ 6 2. GROWING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE BASE AROUND HEALTH ........................................... 11 New Developments in Understanding cookstoves as a Health Intervention ............................................. 11 Understanding the Health Impacts of HAP ................................................................................................... 12 Barriers to Achieving Health Impacts Through Cookstove Interventions ................................................... 15 Additional Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 16 3. CLIMATE IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL STOVES AND FUELS .................................................... 17 Carbon Finance/Calculating Climate Impacts ............................................................................................... 18 Black Carbon .................................................................................................................................................... 19 4. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND TESTING PROTOCOLS .................................................. 22 Stove Testing .................................................................................................................................................... 22 Testing Protocols .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Regional Testing and Knowledge Centers .................................................................................................... 24 International Cookstove Standards: A Brief History...................................................................................... 24 Tiers of Performance........................................................................................................................................ 25 The Way Forward ............................................................................................................................................. 26 5. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN COOKSTOVES AND FUELS ........................................... 27 Research and Technological Advancement in Design ..................................................................................25 Available Technologies and Fuels ..................................................................................................................25 Research and Development ............................................................................................................................27 Stove Manufacturing........................................................................................................................................28 Fuels Production ..............................................................................................................................................28 USAID.GOV/ENERGY/COOKSTOVES i CLEAN AND EFFICIENT COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS 6. CONSUMER PREFERENCES AND STOVE ADOPTION .............................................................. 35 Stove Adoption ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Understanding Consumer Preferences and Behavior ................................................................................... 36 Stove Stacking and Measuring Use ................................................................................................................ 39 Beyond Purchase: Measuring Usage and Adoption ..................................................................................... 39 7. MARKET-BASED APPROACHES AND FINANCING .................................................................... 41 Market-Based Approaches Overview ............................................................................................................. 42 Current Market Development Efforts ............................................................................................................. 43 Market Assessments, Studies and Strategies ................................................................................................ 44 Consumer Research ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Marketing and Distribution Strategies ........................................................................................................... 46 Recruiting, Training and Incentivizing Sale Staff and Entrepreneurs ........................................................... 46 Cookstove Financing ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Consumer Finance ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Enterprise Finance ........................................................................................................................................... 49 8. CROSS-SECTORAL COLLABORATION ......................................................................................... 51 Gender-based Approaches and Impacts ....................................................................................................... 52 Other Resources ............................................................................................................................................... 53 Humanitarian Relief and Protection ............................................................................................................... 53 Commercial Cooking and School Feeding Programs .................................................................................. 54 Environmental Conservation (Forestry/Biodiversity) ..................................................................................... 56 Additional Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 58 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................ 59 Evaluating Cookstove Performance .............................................................................................................. 60 Measuring Fuel Efficiency ................................................................................................................................ 60 Emissions Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Safety ............................................................................................................................................................... 62 Durability .......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Sales Tracking ................................................................................................................................................... 62 Evaluating Consumer Behavior and Its Determinants .................................................................................. 62 Stove Use Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 63 Consumer Preference Monitoring Tools ........................................................................................................ 64 Qualitative Monitoring Methods .................................................................................................................... 65 Social Impact Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 65 ii USAID.GOV/ENERGY/COOKSTOVES
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Access to More: Creating Energy Choices for Refugees a Report About Collaborative Approaches to Providing Energy in Displacement
    Report July 2020 Access to more: creating energy choices for refugees A report about collaborative approaches to providing energy in displacement. SHELL, DALBERG AND VIVID ECONOMICS About 2 About Shell International Energy has been Shell’s business for over 125 years. Over the decades, the Shell group of companies has provided reliable supplies of oil, natural gas and refined fuels around the world, helping to drive economic development. Today, Shell views its contribution to universal access to energy as fundamental to its core purpose: to provide more and cleaner energy. Globally, around 860 million people still lack access to electricity and hundreds of millions more have an unreliable supply. We want to help people gain access to the benefits of electricity and – in line with society’s expectations – Dalberg Advisors Vivid Economics from cleaner sources. That’s why, in 2018, Shell announced its commercial ambition Dalberg Advisors is a strategic Vivid Economics is a leading to deliver a reliable electricity supply to advisory firm combining the strategic economics consultancy with 100 million people, primarily in Africa and best of private sector strategy global reach. It strives to create lasting Asia, by 2030. skills and rigorous analytical value for our clients, both in government Complementary to this and in capabilities with deep knowledge and the private sector, and for society order to help address one of the and networks across emerging and at large. world’s most pressing societal frontier markets. It has a dedicated Vivid Economics is a premier issues, Shell in 2019 announced the Energy practice to help clients – from consultant in the policy commerce social investment “Enter Energy” governments to multinationals and interface and resource- and project to support energy access financial institutions – increase the supply environment-intensive sectors, where for refugees and displaced people of economically viable, environmentally it advises on the most critical and and their host communities.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Minnesota Clean Fuels Policy?
    RENEWABLE NATURAL GAS IN A MINNESOTA CLEAN FUELS POLICY Fall 2020 This case study, prepared by the Great Plains Institute, explores how renewable natural gas could perform in a Minnesota clean fuels policy. What is the Minnesota clean fuels policy? Led by the Great Plains Institute, the Minnesota clean fuels policy (CFP) is a proposed market-based policy to reward any fuel that could offer a greenhouse gas advantage in the transportation sector, without picking winners or losers. It would reduce the use of higher-carbon fuels and support commercial deployment of lower-carbon fuels, including biofuels, natural gas, and electricity for vehicles. A CFP, like the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard, sets a standard for reduced carbon intensity of transportation fuels over time, otherwise known as a baseline carbon intensity standard. Carbon intensity is a measure of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of a specific fuel. Fuel producers receive incentives in the form of credits from lowering their carbon intensity through production process efficiency improvement, switching to lower-carbon fuel or feedstocks, and other mechanisms that decarbonize the supply chain. These changes reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. Fuel producers that do not meet the annual standard must purchase alternative fuel or credits to comply with the program while those that are under the standard generate credits based on the carbon reduced, creating an “opportunity zone” as demonstrated in figure 1. Figure 1. Clean fuels policy market logic Figure 1 shows the carbon intensity of the standard becoming more stringent over time and two example low carbon fuel pathways, Fuel A and Fuel B.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Clean, Safe, Affordable Cooking Energy to Households Across Africa: an Agenda for Action
    Working Paper Bringing clean, safe, affordable cooking energy to households across Africa: an agenda for action Background paper to the Africa Progress Panel 2015 report Power, People, Planet: Seizing Africa’s Energy and Climate Opportunities Fiona Lambe, Marie Jürisoo, Hannah Wanjiru and Jacqueline Senyagwa Executive summary The majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa – some 700 CONTENTS Page million people – rely on traditional biomass for cooking, and while in other regions, biomass use is decreasing, in AfricaPage it continues to rise. If current trends continue, almost 900 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are expected to cook with 1. INTRODUCTION 4 traditional biomass in 2020. Efforts to bring modern energy 2. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PATTERNS IN SUB- access to all – electricity and clean fuels – are far outpaced by SAHARAN AFRICA 5 population growth. 3. IMPACTS OF HEAVY RELIANCE ON Traditional biomass use has multiple negative impacts, TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FOR COOKING 6 most notably on health: 600,000 lives are lost each year 4. OPTIONS FOR ADDRESSING THE COOKSTOVE in sub-Saharan Africa due to exposure to biomass smoke. CHALLENGE 10 The economic costs of high reliance of biomass for cooking 5. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE are also substantial, about US$36.9 billion per year, or AFRICAN CHARCOAL SECTOR 14 2.8% of GDP, including US$29.6 billion from productive time lost gathering fuel and cooking. The impacts are 6. CASE STUDIES: IMPROVED COOKSTOVE INTERVENTIONS ACROSS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17 particularly severe for women and girls, who are typically responsible for these chores. 7. SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SCALING UP COOKSTOVE PROGRAMMES 24 There is a growing body of knowledge and experience about 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Dissemination of Improved Cookstoves: Lessons from Southeast Asia
    Sustainable Dissemination of Improved Cookstoves: Lessons from Southeast Asia Workshop Report 13 December 2015 YANGON, MYANMAR Key words: Energy Access, Rural Energy, Improved Cookstoves, Clean Cookstoves, Indoor Air Polution Smart Villages We aim to provide policymakers, donors, and development agencies concerned with rural energy access with new insights on the real barriers to energy access in villages in developing countries— technological, financial and political—and how they can be overcome. We have chosen to focus on remote off-grid villages, where local solutions (home- or institution-based systems and mini-grids) are both more realistic and cheaper than national grid extension. Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of ‘smart villages’ in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. www.e4sv.org | [email protected] | @e4SmartVillages CMEDT – Smart Villages Initiative, c/o Trinity College, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ Publishing © Smart Villages 2015 The Smart Villages Initiative is being funded by the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT) and the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre (MCSC) and through a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust or the Templeton World Charity Foundation. This publication may be reproduced in part or in full for educational
    [Show full text]
  • Considering Sustainability Factors in the Development Project Life-Cycle
    CONSIDERING SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE: A FRAMEWORK FOR INCREASING SUCCESSFUL ADOPTION OF IMPROVED STOVES By Travis K. Ostrom A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Environmental Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2010 ©2010 Travis K. Ostrom This report, “Considering Sustainability Factors in the Development Project Life-Cycle: A Framework for Increasing Successful Adoption of Improved Stoves,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. Civil and Environmental Engineering Master’s International Program Signatures: Report Advisor ______________________________ James R. Mihelcic Department Chair ______________________________ William M. Bulleit Date ______________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 6 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Commercialization of Improved Cookstoves for Reduced Indoor Air Pollution in Urban Slums of Northwest Bangladesh
    COMMERCIALIZATION OF IMPROVED COOKSTOVES FOR REDUCED INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN SLUMS OF NORTHWEST BANGLADESH May 2009 This publication was produced by Winrock International under a cooperative agreement for the United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 1 I. PROJECT OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 3 A. Background ...................................................................................................................... 3 B. Project Objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 C. Approach .......................................................................................................................... 5 D. Project Team .................................................................................................................... 6 II. PROJECT ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................... 7 A. Baseline Assessment ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest a WHITE PAPER from the MIDWESTERN CLEAN FUELS POLICY INITIATIVE
    A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest A WHITE PAPER FROM THE MIDWESTERN CLEAN FUELS POLICY INITIATIVE January 7, 2020 A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest About the Great Plains Institute A nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, the Great Plains Institute (GPI) is transforming the energy system to benefit the economy and environment. Working across the US, we combine a unique consensus-building approach, expert knowledge, research and analysis, and local action to find and implement lasting solutions. Our work strengthens communities and provides greater economic opportunity through creation of higher paying jobs, expansion of the nation’s industrial base, and greater domestic energy independence while eliminating carbon emissions. Learn more: www.betterenergy.org Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Charitable Trust, the MacArthur Foundation, and the McKnight Foundation for financially supporting the collaborative stakeholder discussion that informed this white paper, and to the McKnight Foundation, the American Coalition for Ethanol, and Union of Concerned Scientists for supporting the modeling work that informed the stakeholder engagement. We are grateful to all the participants in the Midwestern Clean Fuels Policy Initiative for devoting their time and expertise to finding a portfolio approach for promoting clean fuels in the Midwest, the Steering Committee for overseeing the process, and the McKnight Foundation for hosting many of the stakeholder meetings. ICF provided modeling and analysis that informed the discussions of the Midwestern Clean Fuels Policy Initiative. ii GREAT PLAINS INSTITUTE A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest Contents About the Great Plains Institute .................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ii Midwestern Clean Fuels PoliCy Initiative .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scientist Shines Laser Light on Methane in Pursuit of Clean Fuel 22 October 2009
    Scientist shines laser light on methane in pursuit of clean fuel 22 October 2009 An abundant greenhouse gas could someday help unexpected practice of rice cultivation. Methane has clean up the earth. Converting methane to liquid ample natural and human-caused sources and is a methanol could produce clean, low-cost fuel and byproduct of wetlands, wildfires, permafrost, prevent the potent greenhouse gas from entering landfills, agricultural applications, coal mining, the atmosphere. Exploiting methane in this way stationary and mobile combustion, wastewater could also produce a hydrogen source for fuel cells treatment and certain industrial processes. and yield other industrial applications. "Unfortunately, almost half of the proven reserve of The key to taming methane, and synthesizing it in methane is 'stranded,'" Dube says. "Access to the the laboratory, rests in identifying the starter link in natural gas is effectively blocked by terrain and the methane's armor chain of hydrocarbons. economies of converting natural gas to liquid for efficient transport. A compact, high-gain process is A National Science Foundation grant is supporting needed that would convert methane gas to a room a novel approach using laser light to convert temperature liquid, such as diesel, and be methane into methanol. Roger Dube, research sufficiently portable to enable access to stranded professor at Rochester Institute of Technology's gas." Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, won the $79,000 exploratory research award to Source: Rochester Institute of Technology (news : apply optical catalytic conversion to the problem. web) Dube will use finely tuned laser light, not heat, to reduce the barrier to reaction in methane and to create longer chain molecules or fuels.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove
    clean technologies Article Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove Brian Gumino 1, Nicholas A. Pohlman 1,* , Jonathan Barnes 1 and Paul Wever 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 Chip Energy, Inc., Goodfield, IL 61742, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-815-753-9913 Received: 5 June 2020; Accepted: 10 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Biomass cookstoves are used as a common source of heating and cooking in developing countries with most improved cookstove design focusing on developing efficiency in thermal conversion of fuels and safer operation than open flame fires. A top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) cookstove utilizes a gasification process similar to pyrolysis where the solid biomass fuels are heated within a oxygen-limited environment and the syngas are burned which reduces carbon content and particulate matter being introduced into the air. The new continuous-operation design is described to have features for: (1) safe addition of solid fuels during combustion of syngas, (2) removal of biochar at the primary air inlet to manage gasification location, and (3) temperature control of the cooksurface through adjustable exhaust paths. The designed cookstove is found to have a diameter to height ratio 0.42-0.47 in order to offer the cleanest burning of the biofuel. The cooking surface is experimentally studied and the thermal gradient is found for compressed wood pellets. Tracking of the coal-bed is studied as a function of time in order to better understand when additional fuel should be added to ensure constant cooking temperature and operation.
    [Show full text]
  • COMBINED PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENTS / INTEGRATED SAFEGUARDS DATA SHEET (PID/ISDS) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: PIDISDSC17035 29-Apr-2016
    COMBINED PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENTS / INTEGRATED SAFEGUARDS DATA SHEET (PID/ISDS) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: PIDISDSC17035 29-Apr-2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Date Prepared/Updated: I. BASIC INFORMATION A. Basic Project Data Public Disclosure Copy Country: Rwanda Project ID: P158411 Parent Project ID (if any): Project Name: Rwanda Improved Cookstoves Project (P158411) Region: AFRICA Estimated Estimated 31-Aug-2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Appraisal Date: Board Date: Practice Area Environment & Natural Lending (Lead): Resources Instrument: Sector(s): Other Renewable Energy (100%) Theme(s): Climate change (50%), Pollution management and environmental health (25%), Gender (25%) Borrower(s): Inyenyeri and DelAgua Health Rwanda Implementing Inyenyeri, DelAgua Agency: Financing (in USD Million) Public Disclosure Authorized Financing Source Amount Borrower 27.60 Carbon Fund 10.20 Total Project Cost 37.80 Public Disclosure Copy Environmental B - Partial Assessment Category: Is this a No Repeater project? B. Introduction and Context Public Disclosure Authorized Country Context Although Rwanda has a strong record of robust GDP growth, with a GNI per capita of $644 (2013), the country still ranks amongst the poorest in the world with high levels of vulnerability. It is a small land-locked country of 26,338 km2 in area and a population of 11.7 million people (national census, 2012). It is densely populated in comparison to other African countries: at 480 Page 1 of 12 people per km2, population density is similar to the Netherlands and South Korea (World Bank statistics). Even though population growth has come down substantially over the past fifteen years, with a projected 2.5% annual growth rate according to the United Nations, Rwanda will need to accommodate roughly 7.8 million additional people by 2030, underscoring the importance of introducing environmentally friendly technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits and Costs of Cooking Options for Household Air Pollution Control Haïti Priorise
    Benefits and Costs of Cooking Options for Household Air Pollution Control Haïti Priorise Bjorn Larsen Environmental Economist, Freelance © 2017 Copenhagen Consensus Center [email protected] www.copenhagenconsensus.com This work has been produced as a part of the Haiti Priorise project. This project is undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada. The opinions and interpretations in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada. Some rights reserved This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution Please cite the work as follows: #AUTHOR NAME#, #PAPER TITLE#, Haiti Priorise, Copenhagen Consensus Center, 2017. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. Third-party-content Copenhagen Consensus Center does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. Acronyms AF Attributable fraction ALRI Acute lower respiratory infection CB Chronic bronchitis CBV Cerebrovascular disease CCC Copenhagen Consensus Center COPD
    [Show full text]
  • Project Gaia Cook Stove Programme of Activities - Cpa0003 Ethiopia Passport
    PROJECT GAIA COOK STOVE PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES - CPA0003 ETHIOPIA PASSPORT CONTENTS A. Project title B. Project description C. Proof of project eligibility D. Unique Project Identification E. Outcome stAkeholder consultAtion process F. Outcome sustAinAbility assessment G. Sustainability monitoring plan H. AdditionAlity And conservAtiveness deviAtions Annex 1 ODA declArAtions SECTION A. Project Title Title: Project Gaia Cook Stove Programme of Activities - CPA0003 Ethiopia Date: 02/11/2015 Version no.: 0.1 SECTION B. Project description The purpose of the CPA0003, under the Project GaiA Cook Stove ProgrAmme of Activities (PG PoA) is to displace the use of non-renewable biomass and fossil fuel for cooking in refugee households through the distribution of energy efficient cook stoves powered by ethanol, a renewable energy source. The CPA is of the small-scale type falling under sectoral scope: Energy industries renewable/non-renewable sources. The CPA will be implemented in refugee camps within the national boundary of Ethiopia. Stoves units distributed under this CPA will not exceed a total installed/rated capacity of 45MWth while individual stoves will have a rated capacity not exceeding 150 kWth. Project Gaia Inc. will be the Coordinating/Managing Entity (CME) of the programme while the CPA implementer will be Gaia Association. As the CPA implementer, Gaia Association will be responsible for the following: • Ensure that the CPA is implemented. • Operate and maintain the CPA for the duration of the project; • Keep records of parameters as per the monitoring plan and provide hard and electronic records to the CME on a regular basis and provide the CME and DOE with required documents and access to stove users.
    [Show full text]