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Open VF MS Thesis Final.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences OCEANIC ANOXIA EVENT 2 (93.9 MA) IN THE U.S. WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY: HIGH RESOLUTION CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL RECORD OF THE TROPIC SHALE FORMATION A Thesis in Geosciences by Victoria Fortiz © 2017 Victoria Fortiz Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science December 2017 The thesis of Victoria Fortiz was reviewed and approved* by the following: Timothy J. Bralower Professor of Geosciences and Interim Head of the Department of Geosciences Thesis Adviser Michael A. Arthur Professor of Geosciences Mark E. Patzkowsky Professor of Geosciences Demian Saffer Professor of Geosciences and Associate Head for Graduate Programs and Research *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT OCEANIC ANOXIA EVENT 2 (93.9 MA) IN THE U.S. WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY: HIGH RESOLUTION CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL RECORD OF THE TROPIC SHALE FORMATION December 2017 Victoria Fortiz, B.S., University of Texas at Austin M.S., The Pennsylvania State University Advised by: Timothy J. Bralower Oceanic Anoxia Event 2 (OAE2) occurred at the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary (CTB; 93.9 MA) and had a duration of < 1 m.y.. This event involved the global deposition of organic carbon rich sediments, a distinctive positive shift in carbon isotope values, and significant species turnover, including changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages. Organic C-rich sediment deposition is thought to have been triggered by volcanism that led to increased productivity and/or enhanced organic matter preservation. The temporal succession of volcanism, organic matter deposition, and changes in biota such as nannofossils, is crucial to understanding the dynamics of these major environmental perturbations during OAE2. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages during OAE2 in the WIS are marked by large shifts between taxa with eutrophic and oligotrophic affinities. Assemblages have the potential to qualitatively assess changes in nutrient and surface-ocean temperature conditions during OAE2. Here we study nannoplankton in an expanded section of the Tropic Shale in southern Utah near the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway to assess the relationships between anoxia, organic matter deposition, and planktic biotas during OAE2. Samples were collected from a 30-m section of a core that iii contains well preserved nannoplankton. Relative abundance data are complemented with Total Organic Carbon and Carbonate values to determine whether organic rich sediments were a response to high surface ocean fertility or water column stratification. Paleoecological/paleoceanographic interpretations of calcareous nannofossil assemblage change in this study suggest warm and oligotrophic conditions at the base of OAE2. Gradually, surface ocean conditions at the western margin cool and become eutrophic towards the end of the event as suggested by the increase in B. constans and Zygodiscus spp. Results from this study along with those from the Rebecca Bounds and Portland Core suggest a counterclockwise circulation of Tethyan and Boreal waters as modeled by Slingerland et al. (1996) in the WIS during the late transgression phase of the latest Cenomanian to early Turonian. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………..………………………….....vii LIST OF FIGURES…………..………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES……………………………………………………...x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………..........xi CHAPTER 1. CLIMATIC AND BIOTIC EVENTS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS………………….....1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING……………………………………………………………………….5 2.1 Study Area: U.S. Western Interior Seaway………………………………………5 2.2 Study Chronostratigraphy………………………………………………………….8 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS………………………………………………………………11 3.1 Field Methods……………………………………………………………………...11 3.2 Calcareous Nannofossil Methods……..…………………………..…………….11 3.3 Total Carbon, Total Inorganic Carbon and Total Organic Carbon Analysis...13 3.4 Statistical Techniques…………………………………………………………….14 v 4. RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………18 4.1 Calcareous Nannofossil Assemblage…………………………………………...18 4.2 Geochemistry………………………………………………………………………19 4.3 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………...21 5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………….28 5.1 Non-ecological Factors: Preservation and the closed-sum effect……............28 5.2 Interpretation of calcareous nannofossil assemblages......……………………31 5.3 Changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages during OAE2………………35 6. CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………….45 APPENDICES A. TABLES…………………………………………………………………………….47 B. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS METHODS……………………………….............56 C. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES…………………………………………………..70 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………….80 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Calcareous Nannofossil Relative Abundance Data………………………………...48 2. Calcareous Nannofossil Paleoecological Affinities…………………………………52 3. Smoky Hollow #1 Core Taxa Correlation Coefficients……………………………...53 4. Smoky Hollow #1 Core Taxa and Geochemistry Correlation Coefficients………..54 5. Smoky Hollow #1 Core Taxa Correlation Coefficients after First Difference…...…55 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian) Western Interior Seaway……………………………………………………………….9 2. Chronostratigraphic correlation between southwest Utah and the Cenomanian- Turonian GSSP in Colorado………………………………………………………….10 3. Stratigraphic column of SH#1 near Big Water, UT with geochemical data……...16 4. Comparison of relative abundance data for SH#1-66-120.250 m……................17 5. Relative abundance patterns of calcareous nannofossils in the Cenomanian- Turonian Boundary from the SH#1 core…………………………………………….24 6. Relative abundance patterns of calcareous nannofossils in the Cenomanian- Turonian Boundary from the SH#1 core………………………………………….....25 7. SH#1 Species/ Genera Dendrogram……………………………………………......26 8. SH#1 Species/ Genera DCA………………………………….……………………...27 9. Relative abundance of eutrophic and cool water taxa plotted alongside oligotrophic and warm water taxa for SH#1 Core……………………………….....40 10. Heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients between calcareous nannofossil taxa for SH#1…………………………………………………………………………..41 11. Comparison of the relative abundance of W. barnesae for the SH#1, Portland (PO) and Bounds (BO) Cores throughout the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary during OAE2……………………………………………………………………………42 viii 12. Comparison of the relative abundance of Zygodiscus spp. for the SH#1, Portland (PO) and Bounds (BO) Cores throughout the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary during OAE2……………………………………………………………………………43 13. Comparison of the relative abundance of B. constans for the SH#1, Portland (PO) and Bounds (BO) Cores throughout the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary during OAE2……………………………………………………………………………44 ix LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES Figure Page S1. SH#1 calcareous nannofossil assemblage sampling resolution………………...71 S2. SH#1 %Carbonate and relative abundance of C. margerelii (%) comparison…………………………………………………………………………….72 S3. NU and PSU %TOC and %Carbonate comparison……………………………….73 S4. Pyrite Framboid abundance in the Cenomanian-Turonian interval of the SH#1 core……………………………………………………………………………………..74 S5. DCA of calcareous nannofossil samples across OAE2 for the SH#1 core……..75 S6. DCA of calcareous nannofossil samples coded by age across OAE2 for the SH#1 core……………………………………………………………………………..76 S7. DCA of calcareous nannofossil species and genera across OAE2 for the SH#1 core overlain by environmental vectors…………………………………………….77 S8. DCA of calcareous nannofossil samples across OAE2 for the SH#1 core overlain by environmental vectors…………………………………………………..78 13 S9. δ Corg records for SH#1, Portland (PO), and Bounds (BO) Cores used to correlate between sections…………………………………………………………..79 x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Tim Bralower, for his guidance and support throughout this project and my time at PSU. To my lab mates, Rosie, Heather, and Ashley, thank you for making the lab a great place for discussion and peer mentorship/ support. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Mike Arthur and Mark Patzkowsky, for their helpful comments and suggestions during this project. I want to thank the National Science Foundation and the Pennsylvania State University Department of Geosciences for funding and supporting this research. I wish to express my gratitude to all collaborators in the NSF-ELT grant. I would like to thank Matt Jones and Brad Sageman for their geochemical contributions to this project and for providing additional samples. I would also like to thank Amanda Parker and Mark Leckie for their foraminiferal record contribution to this project. Special thanks to Scott Karduck, Aileen McNamee, and Cheng Tarng for helping prepare and collect geochemical results. A special thank you to my family for their unconditional support and love during the last two years. Finally, I would like to thank Steve Cantu for his love, support, and patience. xi CHAPTER 1 CLIMATIC AND BIOTIC EVENTS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS 1.1 Introduction The Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary (93.9 Ma) was characterized by abrupt warming and the deposition of organic C-rich sediments on a global basis. Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) corresponded to deep-water temperatures ~19°C (Huber et al., 2002), pCO2 ~3-5 times preindustrial levels (Barclay et al., 2010; Jarvis et al., 2011), high seafloor spreading rates (Arthur et al., 1985; Larson, 1991; Seton
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