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Sexual Harassment of Syrian Female Youth in Jordanian Refugee Camps

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Sexual Harassment of Syrian Female Youth in Jordanian Refugee Camps International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies (2019) 10(4.1): 24–43 DOI: 10.18357/ijcyfs104.1201919285 SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF SYRIAN FEMALE YOUTH IN JORDANIAN REFUGEE CAMPS Mohammed Abdel Karim Al-Hourani, Abdel Baset Azzam, and Addison J. Mott Abstract: This study aimed at documenting the sexual harassment of Syrian female refugees in refugee camps in Jordan. A purposive sample of 187 Syrian female refugees in the Za’atari camp was selected. The results showed that the environment of the camp played an important role in motivating males to harass females owing to the weakness of the security measures and the lack of sanctions upon deviant behaviors. Our findings show that females were subjected to numerous forms of sexual harassment, including hearing sexual jokes and sexual expressions, and being subjected to suggestive looks, sexual letters, and unwanted touching. Additionally, our results revealed that participants responded to sexual harassment by keeping silent because they feared making their situation worse by provoking conflict within their families. This left the victims without protection or the chance to obtain justice. Keywords: Syrian female, sexual harassment, refugees, Jordan Mohammed Abdel Karim Al-Hourani PhD (the corresponding author) is an Associate Professor of Applied Sociological Theory in the Sociology Department at the University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE. Email: [email protected]. Professor Al-Hourani can also be reached at Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. Email: [email protected] Abdel Baset Azzam PhD is an Assistant Professor of Political Sociology at Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. Email: [email protected] Addison J. Mott is an MA candidate at the School of Child and Youth Care, Human & Social Development Building B102A, University of Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Email: [email protected] International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies (2019) 10(4.1): 24–43 The Syrian war has forced thousands of Syrian women refugees to escape with their families to Arab and European countries in search of a safer life. Jordan is one of the countries in which thousands of Syrian families have sought refuge, settling in camps close to the Syrian border. The office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimated the number of fugitives from the bloody war in Syria who had fled to neighboring countries — Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt — to have reached 5.6 million, nearly 80% of them women and children (UNHCR, 2019). The Za’atari camp lies 85 kilometres to the northeast of Amman, Jordan’s capital. It is the largest Syrian refugee camp in the Middle East and the second largest in the world. At the beginning of 2015 it included 81 thousand refugee (Jordan Statistical Yearbook, 2015). Mas’ood (2017) noted that according to international reports, women refugees in all hosting countries have been exposed to sexual assault, harassment, and trafficking. News organizations have reported that the civil war in Syria exposed hundreds of females to sexual harassment and assault (“Shocking stories,” 2013). Girls between 12 and 16 years old have been sold as servants to people from the Gulf countries (Al-Jundi, 2016). In the Za’atari camp, international relief organizations are unable to meet the needs of refugees for food and drink, and for adequate heating facilities — needs that arise from the absence of work opportunities that could allow them enough income to live independently. Among other consequences, these factors lead to the spread of diseases in the camp. Along with being subject to the harassment and multiple deprivations noted above in the Za’atari camp, it has been well documented globally that displaced women and girls are at a higher risk than non-displaced women and girls of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and sexual harassment (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2008), and that such violence and harassment are used as weapons of war (Asaf, 2017). Syrian women and girls who are refugees in Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan face ongoing issues of SGBV and sexual harassment; these risks may be expected to increase as long as the situation in Syria continues unabated (Samari, 2017; Sami et al., 2014). However, only a handful of studies have focused specifically on SGBV and sexual harassment in Jordan, and few have focused on Jordanian refugee camps. This is indicative of the fact that SGBV and sexual harassment have been understudied and underreported for Syrian refugee women and girls compared to other refugee groups (Asaf, 2017). A search of the recent literature on the experiences of Syrian women and girls after becoming refugees yielded four relevant studies, which are presented below in chronological order, but our current knowledge in this area is still limited. The first study we reviewed is the UN Women’s (2013) report entitled “Gender-Based violence and child protection among Syrian refugees in Jordan, with a focus on early marriage”. This study included an inquiry into SGBV experienced by Syrian refugees living in urban settings, 25 International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies (2019) 10(4.1): 24–43 not the Za’atari camp. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 613 Syrian refugees, focus groups, and 45 in-depth interviews with key informants including community leaders and service providers. The report found that gender-based violence (GBV) most often “remains a private and sensitive issue” (p. 2), rarely discussed outside the home. Women were significantly more likely “to report any form of violence to other family members, rather than to service providers or the police, and many felt more comfortable reaching out to a religious official” (p. 2). The report concludes that while the need for additional services is significant, the main issue from a service provision perspective is “building trust and reaching out to the communities” (p. 3). The second study was conducted by Krause et al. (2015) who studied two Syrian refugee sites in Jordan, the Za’atari camp and Irbid City, in order to research the status of the minimum initial service package (MISP; Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis, n.d.) for reproductive health implementation among the refugees. The MISP has been used as a guideline for care in refugee situations since it was published in 1996. Krause and colleagues conducted 11 key informant interviews, 13 health facility assessments, and 14 focus group discussions involving 159 participants, which included both female youth (18 to 24 years) and older women (25 to 49 years). With regard to SGBV, Krause et al. reported that: In Za’atari camp, women expressed concerns about the lack of lighting and their fears of using the toilets at night. In Irbid City, women reported feeling unsafe sending their daughters to school on public buses. Women said they were fearful of telling their families of sexual violence due to fears of honor killing, or being disowned by the family. The women discussed what they perceived as more cases of domestic violence in the camp than what they observed while living in Syria. … Additionally, all groups with young women said that they would not tell anyone if they experienced violence. (Results, para. 7) The third study was conducted by Essaid et al. (2015) who investigated GBV perpetrated against female refugees from Syria living in the cities of Tyre and Sidon in Lebanon and Ajloun and Jerash in Northern Jordan. These researchers held focus group discussions about participants’ perceptions of violence trends with 94 female participants under the age of 60, all either refugees from Syria — including both Syrian nationals and Palestinians — or GBV case workers. Essaid et al. found that: GBV is a significant problem in North Jordan and South Lebanon for refugee women and girls from Syria and frequently restricts their movement, causing them mental and physical distress, and occurs both inside and outside the home. The most common form of violence reported by particpants was emotional violence, however, a large number also reported sexual violence. Among those who reported violence, most indicated that they had been subjected to multiple types of violence. … In general, women and girls felt that severe poverty, men’s and women’s 26 International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies (2019) 10(4.1): 24–43 inability to perform traditional gender roles, and rising prices, are contributing factors to women’s and girls’ experiences of GBV. (p. 4) Participants in Essaid et al.’s study (2015) speculated that Syrian women refugees who had lost the protection of their families were seen to be “easy targets” (p. 4). Finally, participants noted that they “were often reluctant to tell anyone about the violence for fear of being blamed for causing the violence or being blamed for inciting further violence” (p. 5). The most recent study we reviewed was conducted by Hattar-Pollara (2019). In this study, multiple methods such as focus group discussions, interviews, and observation were used to explore Syrian refugee girls’ experiences of barriers to education in the Za’atari camp. The study participants included refugee girls aged between 5 and 16 years, their teachers, counsellors, child protective agents, and mothers, and three religious clerks. Hattar-Pollara found that refugee girls in the camp encountered many barriers to continuing their education. For example, they experienced gender-based physical and psychological violence, and the social barriers of early marriage and poverty. She also found that coercive early marriage, while often viewed as a way of protecting Syrian refugee girls, also contributed to the multiple challeges faced by them. Furthermore, she noted that girls who had experienced SGBV were more likely to experience post- traumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, depression, and anxiety, along with a host of life- threatening physical health conditions.
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