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The Planck Satellite and the Cosmic Microwave Background
The Cosmic Microwave Background, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Anthony Lasenby, Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Cambridge Overview The Cosmic Microwave Background — exciting new results from the Planck Satellite Context of the CMB =) addressing key questions about the Big Bang and the Universe, including Dark Matter and Dark Energy Planck Satellite and planning for its observations have been a long time in preparation — first meetings in 1993! UK has been intimately involved Two instruments — the LFI (Low — e.g. Cambridge is the Frequency Instrument) and the HFI scientific data processing (High Frequency Instrument) centre for the HFI — RAL provided the 4K Cooler The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) So what is the CMB? Anywhere in empty space at the moment there is radiation present corresponding to what a blackbody would emit at a temperature of ∼ 2:74 K (‘Blackbody’ being a perfect emitter/absorber — furnace with a small opening is a good example - needs perfect thermodynamic equilibrium) CMB spectrum is incredibly accurately black body — best known in nature! COBE result on this showed CMB better than its own reference b.b. within about 9 minutes of data! Universe History Radiation was emitted in the early universe (hot, dense conditions) Hot means matter was ionised Therefore photons scattered frequently off the free electrons As universe expands it cools — eventually not enough energy to keep the protons and electrons apart — they History of the Universe: superluminal inflation, particle plasma, -
Dark Energy and Dark Matter As Inertial Effects Introduction
Dark Energy and Dark Matter as Inertial Effects Serkan Zorba Department of Physics and Astronomy, Whittier College 13406 Philadelphia Street, Whittier, CA 90608 [email protected] ABSTRACT A disk-shaped universe (encompassing the observable universe) rotating globally with an angular speed equal to the Hubble constant is postulated. It is shown that dark energy and dark matter are cosmic inertial effects resulting from such a cosmic rotation, corresponding to centrifugal (dark energy), and a combination of centrifugal and the Coriolis forces (dark matter), respectively. The physics and the cosmological and galactic parameters obtained from the model closely match those attributed to dark energy and dark matter in the standard Λ-CDM model. 20 Oct 2012 Oct 20 ph] - PACS: 95.36.+x, 95.35.+d, 98.80.-k, 04.20.Cv [physics.gen Introduction The two most outstanding unsolved problems of modern cosmology today are the problems of dark energy and dark matter. Together these two problems imply that about a whopping 96% of the energy content of the universe is simply unaccounted for within the reigning paradigm of modern cosmology. arXiv:1210.3021 The dark energy problem has been around only for about two decades, while the dark matter problem has gone unsolved for about 90 years. Various ideas have been put forward, including some fantastic ones such as the presence of ghostly fields and particles. Some ideas even suggest the breakdown of the standard Newton-Einstein gravity for the relevant scales. Although some progress has been made, particularly in the area of dark matter with the nonstandard gravity theories, the problems still stand unresolved. -
Fine-Tuning, Complexity, and Life in the Multiverse*
Fine-Tuning, Complexity, and Life in the Multiverse* Mario Livio Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA E-mail: [email protected] and Martin J. Rees Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The physical processes that determine the properties of our everyday world, and of the wider cosmos, are determined by some key numbers: the ‘constants’ of micro-physics and the parameters that describe the expanding universe in which we have emerged. We identify various steps in the emergence of stars, planets and life that are dependent on these fundamental numbers, and explore how these steps might have been changed — or completely prevented — if the numbers were different. We then outline some cosmological models where physical reality is vastly more extensive than the ‘universe’ that astronomers observe (perhaps even involving many ‘big bangs’) — which could perhaps encompass domains governed by different physics. Although the concept of a multiverse is still speculative, we argue that attempts to determine whether it exists constitute a genuinely scientific endeavor. If we indeed inhabit a multiverse, then we may have to accept that there can be no explanation other than anthropic reasoning for some features our world. _______________________ *Chapter for the book Consolidation of Fine Tuning 1 Introduction At their fundamental level, phenomena in our universe can be described by certain laws—the so-called “laws of nature” — and by the values of some three dozen parameters (e.g., [1]). Those parameters specify such physical quantities as the coupling constants of the weak and strong interactions in the Standard Model of particle physics, and the dark energy density, the baryon mass per photon, and the spatial curvature in cosmology. -
A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974)
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 42 Number 1 Article 2 2-2006 A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974) John Charles Mannone Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Mannone, John Charles (2006) "A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974)," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 42 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol42/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Mannone: A Propensity for Genius A Propensity for Genius: That Something Special About Fritz Zwicky (1898 - 1974) by John Charles Mannone Preface It is difficult to write just a few words about a man who was so great. It is even more difficult to try to capture the nuances of his character, including his propensity for genius as well as his eccentric behavior edging the abrasive as much as the funny, the scope of his contributions, the size of his heart, and the impact on society that the distinguished physicist, Fritz Zwicky (1898- 1974), has made. So I am not going to try to serve that injustice, rather I will construct a collage, which are cameos of his life and accomplishments. In this way, you, the reader, will hopefully be left with a sense of his greatness and a desire to learn more about him. -
The Age of the Universe Transcript
The Age of the Universe Transcript Date: Wednesday, 6 February 2013 - 1:00PM Location: Museum of London 6 February 2013 The Age of The Universe Professor Carolin Crawford Introduction The idea that the Universe might have an age is a relatively new concept, one that became recognised only during the past century. Even as it became understood that individual objects, such as stars, have finite lives surrounded by a birth and an end, the encompassing cosmos was always regarded as a static and eternal framework. The change in our thinking has underpinned cosmology, the science concerned with the structure and the evolution of the Universe as a whole. Before we turn to the whole cosmos then, let us start our story nearer to home, with the difficulty of solving what might appear a simpler problem, determining the age of the Earth. Age of the Earth The fact that our planet has evolved at all arose predominantly from the work of 19th century geologists, and in particular, the understanding of how sedimentary rocks had been set down as an accumulation of layers over extraordinarily long periods of time. The remains of creatures trapped in these layers as fossils clearly did not resemble any currently living, but there was disagreement about how long a time had passed since they had died. The cooling earth The first attempt to age the Earth based on physics rather than geology came from Lord Kelvin at the end of the 19th Century. Assuming that the whole planet would have started from a completely molten state, he then calculated how long it would take for the surface layers of Earth to cool to their present temperature. -
Galaxy Redshifts: from Dozens to Millions
GALAXY REDSHIFTS: FROM DOZENS TO MILLIONS Chris Impey University of Arizona The Expanding Universe • Evolution of the scale factor from GR; metric assumes homogeneity and isotropy (~FLRW). • Cosmological redshift fundamentally differs from a Doppler shift. • Galaxies (and other objects) are used as space-time markers. Expansion History and Contents Science is Seeing The expansion history since the big bang and the formation of large scale structure are driven by dark matter and dark energy. Observing Galaxies Galaxy Observables: • Redshift (z) • Magnitude (color, SED) • Angular size (morphology) All other quantities (size, luminosity, mass) derive from knowing a distance, which relates to redshift via a cosmological model. The observables are poor distance indicators. Other astrophysical luminosity predictors are required. (Cowie) ~90% of the volume or look-back time is probed by deep field • Number of galaxies in observable universe: ~90% of the about 100 billion galaxies in the volume • Number of stars in the are counted observable universe: about 1022 Heading for 100 Million (Baldry/Eisenstein) Multiplex Advantage Cannon (1910) Gemini/GMOS (2010) Sluggish, Spacious, Reliable. Photography CCD Imaging Speedy, Cramped, Finicky. 100 Years of Measuring Galaxy Redshifts Who When # Galaxies Size Time Mag Scheiner 1899 1 (M31) 0.3m 7.5h V = 3.4 Slipher 1914 15 0.6m ~5h V ~ 8 Slipher 1917 25 0.6m ~5h V ~ 8 Hubble/Slipher 1929 46 1.5m ~6h V ~ 10 Hum/May/San 1956 800 5m ~2h V = 11.6 Photographic 1960s 1 ~4m ~2.5h V ~ 15 Image Intensifier 1970s -
New Constraints on Cosmic Reionization
New Constraints on Cosmic Reionization Brant Robertson UCSC Exploring the Universe with JWST ESA / ESTEC, The Netherlands October 12, 2015 1 Exploring the Universe with JWST, 10/12/2015 B. Robertson, UCSC Brief History of the Observable Universe 1100 Redshift 12 8 6 1 13.8 13.5 Billions of years ago 13.4 12.9 8 Adapted from Robertson et al. Nature, 468, 49 (2010). 2 Exploring the Universe with JWST, 10/12/2015 B. Robertson, UCSC Observational Facilities Over the Next Decade 1100 Redshift 12 8 6 1 Planck Future 21cm Current 21cm LSST Thirty Meter Telescope WFIRST ALMA Hubble Chandra Fermi James Webb Space Telescope 13.8 13.5 Billions of years ago 13.4 12.9 8 Observations with JWST, WFIRST, TMT/E-ELT, LSST, ALMA, and 21- cm will drive astronomical discoveries over the next decade. Adapted from Robertson et al. Nature, 468, 49 (2010). 3 Exploring the Universe with JWST, 10/12/2015 B. Robertson, UCSC 1100 Redshift 12 8 6 1 Planck Future 21cm Current 21cm LSST Thirty Meter Telescope WFIRST ALMA Hubble Chandra Fermi James Webb Space Telescope 13.8 13.5 Billions of years ago 13.4 12.9 8 1. What can we learn about Cosmic Dawn? Was it a dramatic event in a narrow period of time or did the birth of galaxies happen gradually? 2. Can we be sure light from early galaxies caused cosmic reionization? We have some guide on when reionization occurred from studying the thermal glow of the Big Bang (microwave background), but what were the sources of ionizing photons? 3. -