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Elongation Factor P University of Patras, Medicine Department Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Elongation Factor P and its Role in Environmental Stress Adaptation Master Thesis Stavropoulou Maria Patras, 2012 University of Patras, Medicine Department Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Elongation Factor P and its Role in Environmental Stress Adaptation Master Thesis Stavropoulou Maria Patras, 2012 Περίληψη 1 Περίληψη Ο βακτηριακός παράγοντας επιμήκυνσης EF-P, είναι μια διαλυτή πρωτεΐνη που βοηθά στο σχηματισμό του πρώτου πεπτιδικού δεσμού, αλληλεπιδρώντας με το ριβόσωμα και το εναρκτήριο tRNA. Η κρυσταλλική δομή του EF-P δείχνει ότι μιμείται στη μορφή το tRNA. Ορθόλογες πρωτεΐνες έχουν βρεθεί και στα αρχαία και τα ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα, γνωστές ως aIF5A και eIF5A, αντίστοιχα. Ο eIF5A, για τον οποίο αποδείχθηκε πρόσφατα ότι συμμετέχει και στο στάδιο της επιμήκυνσης της μετάφρασης, υφίσταται μια μοναδική μετα-μεταφραστική τροποποίηση στη λυσίνη 50 (Κ50), μέσω της προσθήκης σε αυτή ενός σπάνιου αμινοξέος, της υπουσίνης (hypusine). Μια παρόμοια τροποποίηση αποδείχθηκε ότι υφίσταται ωστόσο και ο EF-P της Escherichia coli (E. coli), ο οποίος τροποποιείται μετα-μεταφραστικά στη λυσίνη 34 (Κ34) με τη βοήθεια των ενζύμων YjeA και YjeK. Το YjeA αποτελεί παράλογο της δεύτερης κλάσης των tRNA συνθετασών της λυσίνης (LysRSs: Lysyl-tRNA synthetases), και καταλύει την προσθήκη της λυσίνης επάνω στον EF-P. Το YjeK είναι μια 2,3 αμινομουτάση της λυσινης (LAM: Lysine-2-3-aminomutase) και είναι αρμόδια για τη μετατροπή της α-λυσίνης σε β-λυσίνη. Εντούτοις, πρόσφατες έρευνες έδειξαν ότι ο πλήρως τροποποιημένος EF-P απαιτεί ένα επιπλέον ένζυμο, το YfcM, το οποίο ενεργεί ως υδροξυλάση και υδροξυλιώνει τον C4 ή C5 άνθρακα της K34 του EF-P. Στη συγκεκριμένη μελέτη εστιάσαμε στην εξέταση του μηχανισμού δράσης του EF-P και ειδικότερα στις επιπτώσεις που μπορεί να έχουν τα διαφορετικά στάδια των τροποποιήσεών του σε κύτταρα E. coli. Χρησιμοποιώντας τα knockout E. coli στελέχη της Keio (Δefp, ΔyjeK, ΔyjeA, ΔyfcM), ελέγξαμε την επίδραση διαφόρων περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών στα στελέχη (διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες, συνθήκες διατροφής, ευαισθησία σε αντιβιοτικά), δείχνοντας ότι το Δefp στέλεχος έχει μειωμένη αύξηση και ότι τα μεταλλαγμένα στελέχη παρουσιάζουν ευαισθησία σε μη-ριβοσωματικούς αναστολείς, όπως για παράδειγμα την αμπικιλίνη και τη ριφαμπικίνη. Επιπλέον, εξετάσαμε τη δυνατότητα των μεταλλαγμένων στελεχών να ανακάμπτουν στην ανάπτυξή τους παρουσία του κατάλληλου πλασμιδίου και είδαμε ότι ο EF- P είναι σημαντικός για την in vivo ανάπτυξη της E. coli σε στρεσσογόνες καταστάσεις. Όπως αναφέρθηκε πρόσφατα, οι YjeA, YjeK και EF-P πρωτεΐνες συμβάλουν στη μείωσης της τοξικότητας στη Salmonella. Επιπλέον, έχει δειχθεί πως ο EF-P είναι μια από τις πρωτεΐνες, που παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην κινητικότητα των βακτηρίων στο Bacillus subtilis. Ωστόσο, έρευνα των Josenhans και Suerbaum το 2002, έδειξε πως η κινιτηκότητα και η τοξικότητα συχνά συνδέονται μεταξύ τους. Έτσι εξετάσαμε, τα μεταλλαγμένα στελέχη για την ικανότητά τους να κινούνται, δημιουργώντας μαστίγια, σε semi-solid θρεπτικό υλικό. Περαιτέρω έρευνες χρησιμοποιώντας external fluorescence staining και confocal microscopy, αποκαλύψε διαφορές στη μορφολογία των μεταλλαγμένων στελεχών της E. coli. Επίσης, με στόχο τη μελέτη της πρωτεΐνης YfcM, η λειτουργία της οποίας δεν είναι ακόμη γνωστή, απομονώσαμε και καθαρίσαμε την YfcM, με Νi-NTA agarose beads και gel filtration για τη μελλοντική κρυσταλοποίησή της,. Τέλος, μελλοντικός στόχος μας είναι η κλωνοποίηση του ακόλουθου πολυκιστρονικού γονιδίου “- yjeK - yjeA - yfcM - Ηis-efp - “, με σκοπό την υπερέκφραση και την κρυσταλλοποίησή του, ώστε να λάβουμε μια εικόνα του πως μοιάζει ολοκληρωμένο το μονοπάτι της τροποποίησης του EF-P, και επιπλέον, να μελετήσουμε καλύτερα τη λειτουργία του EF-P σε εκχυλίσματα της μετάφρασης από διαφορετικές μεταλλάξεις. Abstract 2 Abstract Bacterial elongation factor P (EF-P) is a poorly understood soluble protein that has been shown to enhance the first step of peptide bond formation through an interaction with the ribosome and initiator tRNA. The crystal structure of EF‐P shows that EF‐P mimics the tRNA shape. Orthologous proteins have been found in both archaeal and eukaryotic systems, known as aIF5A and eIF5A, respectively. eIF5A, which was recently shown to increase translation elongation rates, is post-translationally modified at a highly conserved lysine residue (K50) through the addition of the rare amino acid hypusine. A similar pathway was recently elucidated for EF-P, in which EF-P is post-translationally modified by the enzymes YjeA and YjeK at lysine 34, corresponding to a homologous site of hypusylation in a/eIF5A. As a paralog of class II LysRS, YjeA catalyzes the addition of lysine onto EF-P, but is incapable of modifying tRNA. YjeK is a 2,3-(β)-lysine aminomutase and is responsible for converting lysine to β-lysine, which YjeA was recently shown to recognize as a preferred substrate for EF-P modification. However, fully modified EF-P requires a third enzyme, YfcM, which acts as a hydroxylase and hydroxylates the C4 or C5 position of K34 of EF-P, but not the added β-lysine. Based on a complete description of the EF-P modification and pathway, in this project we focused on further studies to address the mechanism of action of EF-P and especially to investigate how the different stages of EF-P’s modifications can affect E. coli cells. Using E. coli Keio knockout collection (Δefp, ΔyjeK, ΔyjeA, ΔyfcM) and E. coli Keio parental strain (wild-type) as reference, we checked the effect of the deletion strains on the cells under different environmental stress conditions (varying growth temperatures and nutrition conditions, susceptibility to antibiotics), showing that Δefp strain has growth defects and that E. coli efp mutants show sensitivity to non-ribosomal inhibitors, such as ampicillin and rifampicin, suggesting a possible secondary role of EF-P related to the cell envelope. Moreover, we tested the ability of deletion strains to restore viability in the presence of the appropriate plasmid and showed that EF-P is important for cell viability under certain conditions in E. coli. As reported previously, YjeA and YjeK are important in bacteria virulence. In addition, EF‐P is recognized as one of the proteins important for bacteria motility in Bacillus subtilis. However, motility and virulence are often linked together. Here, we tested deletion strains for their ability to produce flagella. Further, using external fluorescence staining and confocal microscopy we revealed differences in morphology of the E. coli deletion strains, and we performed Histidine tag protein purification with Ni-NTA agarose beads and gel filtration, in order to purify YfcM, an uncharacterized protein, and set initial screens for crystallization. Finally, our future goal is to clone the following polycistronic construct, “- yjeK - yjeA - yfcM - his-efp -“, overexpress and crystallize it, so as to see the crystal structure of the whole modification pathway of EF-P and study better the function of EF-P in translation extracts from different mutants. Examining Committee 3 Examining Committee Dinos George Thesis Adviser Assistant Professor of Biological Chemistry School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece Wilson N. Daniel Thesis Adviser Group Leader in Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximialians University (LMU) Munich, Germany Kalpaksis Dimitrios Member of Committee Professor of Biological Chemistry School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece Acknowledgements 4 “I was taught that the way of progress was neither swift nor easy” Marie Curie Acknowledgements 5 Acknowledgements This master thesis was held in collaboration with the Gene Center of Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. The writing of this thesis has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever had to face until now. Without the support, patience and guidance of the following people, this study would not have been completed. In one way or another, each one individually contributed, so it is to them that I owe my deepest gratitude. First of all, my utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor Assistant Professor George Dinos, who gave me the opportunity to work in his lab. I am heartily thankful for his trust, support and help in every step I was about to take. He was always there smiling and advising me, always for my own good. I would also like to thank Professor Dimitrios Kalpaksis, for participating in my examining committee. He continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research and he was always there to help or advise me when needed. Furthermore, this is a great opportunity to express my honor to Dr. Daniel Wilson, who was my thesis adviser in LMU and agreed with pleasure to be a member of my committee. Daniel’s encouragement, supervision and support from the preliminary to the concluding level, enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject I had to work with. His excitement in regard to science kept me motivated during the whole period I was working in his lab. Special thanks go to all members of Wilson’s and the neighboring Beckmann’s lab for fruitful hints, as well as for humorous private discussions. However, I owe my deepest gratitude to my good friend and supervisor in Munich, Dr. Agata Starosta, for her patience and unselfish, but also unfailing support, as my thesis supervisor. Agata has been an exemplary editor, as constructive with her suggestions as she was meticulous with her corrections. For help in the preparation of this thesis, I am also grateful to many friends and colleagues. I cannot mention all of them, but they include my co-workers in Greece, who gave me a helpful mixture of criticism and advice, and of course my friends. Their whole-hearted and enthusiastic belief in me was always very encouraging. I am sincerely grateful for the memories we have shared and those we have yet to create. Above all, I thank my parents, who always supported me and my studies. They believed in me, in all my endeavors and encouraged me to keep going.
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