Alternative Specimens in Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of Drugs of Abuse

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Alternative Specimens in Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of Drugs of Abuse UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Ciências ALTERNATIVE SPECIMENS IN FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Cláudia Isabel Reis Margalho Tese para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Bioquímica (3º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor Manuel Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas Co-orientador: Prof. Doutora Maria Eugenia Gallardo Alba Co-orientador: Prof. Doutor Francisco Corte Real Gonçalves Covilhã, Abril de 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Ciências ALTERNATIVE SPECIMENS IN FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Cláudia Isabel Reis Margalho Tese para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Bioquímica (3º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor Manuel Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas Co-orientador: Prof. Doutora Maria Eugenia Gallardo Alba Co-orientador: Prof. Doutor Francisco Corte Real Gonçalves Covilhã, Abril de 2017 Supervisors: Manuel López-Rivadulla Lamas, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Eugenia Gallardo, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal Francisco Corte Real Gonçalves, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal The experimental assays were performed at the Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences – Centre Branch, Coimbra, Portugal. Agradecimentos Ao terminar esta tese de doutoramento resta-me registar os sinceros agradecimentos àqueles que de distintas formas contribuíram para que se tornasse numa realidade. Gostaria de começar por agradecer aos meus orientadores: Ao Professor Doutor Manuel López-Rivadulla, apesar da distância, o incentivo, orientação científica, disponibilidade e amizade que me dispensou neste percurso. Ao Professor Doutor Francisco Corte Real Gonçalves, principal impulsionador desta tese, agradeço todo o seu apoio a ultrapassar diversos obstáculos que foram surgindo, a amizade e orientação científica ao longo da realização deste trabalho. À Professora Doutora Eugenia Gallardo, agradeço todo o seu incondicional apoio, orientação científica sempre muito objetiva, otimismo, amizade e constante incentivo que me dispensou ao longo de todo este caminho que não foi fácil de percorrer. A todos, os meus sinceros agradecimentos. Ao Professor Doutor Duarte Nuno Vieira, ex-presidente do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, agradeço o seu incentivo e apoio na disponibilização de meios para a realização deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de “equipa”, Alice e Fernando, agradeço o apoio disponibilizado durante a realização deste trabalho. À Alice, especialmente, por ter estado sempre presente e disponível para ajudar. Ao Jerónimo, agradeço as colheitas das amostras de humor vítreo e líquido pericárdico, sem as quais este projeto não teria sido viável. Ao Doutor Diogo Pinto da Costa, agradeço todo o apoio disponibilizado através dos seus valiosos conhecimentos e esclarecimentos na área jurídica. Aos meus pais, por todos os sacrifícios que fizeram e pelo apoio que sempre me dispensaram. Ao meu marido e aos meus filhos, pelo incentivo, apoio e compreensão nos inúmeros programas em que estive ausente. Ao André, pela sua preciosa ajuda com a língua inglesa sempre acompanhada de pertinentes sugestões. Ao Gonçalo, pelo carinho e boa disposição. Não posso deixar de agradecer aos meus amigos e a todas as pessoas que me apoiaram e proporcionaram momentos de descontração. Alternative Specimens in Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of Drugs of Abuse Resumo Alargado A principal razão para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo residiu essencialmente no facto de que nele se reuniram duas áreas de crescente interesse no campo da toxicologia forense: as amostras alternativas postmortem e as novas substâncias psicoativas. Em primeiro lugar, é possível verificar que as matrizes alternativas têm tido um papel importante no campo de toxicologia forense ao longo da última década, principalmente devido às vantagens que apresentam quando usadas em complementaridade com o sangue e/ou urina ou em sua substituição, quando as suas colheitas são inviabilizadas por diversos fatores (carbonização, hemorragia extensa, politraumatizados, avançado estado putrefativo etc.). O recurso a diferentes matrizes biológicas postmortem, na condução de uma análise toxicológica, constitui um verdadeiro desafio para a toxicologia forense pois são necessárias metodologias suficientemente sensíveis para proceder ao isolamento dos diferentes analitos que eventualmente estejam presentes em baixas concentrações nas amostras a analisar. No entanto, entende-se que uma análise toxicológica conduzida em distintas matrizes biológicas permite uma interpretação mais completa do caso, já que cada uma delas poderá fornecer uma perspetiva particular sobre a anterior exposição a determinadas substâncias. Mais problemático, e não menos raros, são os casos em que a quantidade de sangue é insuficiente ou mesmo inexistente, para realizar a investigação pericial. Nestes casos, o humor vítreo (VH) e o líquido pericárdico (PF) poderão ser usados como alternativa viabilizando, deste modo, a realização da análise. Apesar de escassos, os estudos realizados em VH na determinação de anfetaminas e metanfetaminas e de novas substâncias psicoativas, demonstram que existe uma boa correlação entre a concentração das substâncias encontradas e as correspondentes no sangue. Esta situação poderá ser justificada pelo facto de o VH ser maioritariamente composto por água (99%), possuir um pH de 7.5 (semelhante ao do sangue) e não ter atividade metabólica significativa. A maior desvantagem desta matriz é o limitado volume de amostra (1 a 3 mL) que não permite uma análise extensiva a várias substâncias. No caso do líquido pericárdico, o volume de amostra acessível para análise é de 5 a 10 mL, no entanto esta matriz tem sido pouco estudada. Os poucos trabalhos existentes demonstram que esta matriz poderá ser uma útil alternativa ao sangue uma vez que apresenta uma boa correlação das concentrações das substâncias encontradas nestas amostras. A maior desvantagem que esta matriz apresenta é a possibilidade de ser contaminada por fenómenos de difusão postmortem, resultantes de uma elevada concentração das drogas eventualmente presentes no estômago. Uma vez que, em Portugal e por todo o mundo se tem assistido a uma nova tendência emergente em relação ao consumo das "novas substâncias psicoativas" (NSP) que se encontra ix Alternative Specimens in Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of Drugs of Abuse associada a diversos perigos na saúde pública, afigurou-se relevante realizar este estudo. O presente trabalho foi direcionado para substâncias pertencentes aos grupos mais representativos em termos de consumo e grau de toxicidade: catinonas, fenetilaminas e salvia divinorum. Em Portugal, esta realidade alastrou-se de forma discreta, sem receber a atenção devida por parte de todas as entidades competentes, estando estreitamente associada à abertura das lojas designadas por “smartshops”. Consequentemente, entre a abertura da primeira loja (que ocorreu em 2007) e 2013, foram registadas cerca de 40 lojas especializadas e dedicadas exclusivamente ao comércio destas NSP. Com a entrada em vigor do Decreto-lei nº 54/2013 de 17 Abril de 2013, estes locais foram encerrados por motivo da proibição da venda destas substâncias. No entanto, a comercialização e consumo destas substâncias não cessou o que é confirmado por estudos de monitorização da venda destas substâncias no espaço europeu, promovidos pelo Observatório Europeu da Droga e da Toxicodependência (OEDT) e Europol. Novas substâncias continuam em ascendente proliferação o que é indicador da existência de redes de larga escala de produção e distribuição. Deste modo, este trabalho pretendeu contribuir para o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para determinações quantitativas de várias destas novas substâncias psicoativas em distintas matrizes biológicas tais como: sangue total, plasma, humor vítreo e líquido pericárdico. As substâncias sobre as quais realizámos o nosso estudo foram: salvinorina a (principal componente ativo da planta Salvia divinorum); algumas catinonas como: metcatinona, PMA, mefedrona e metedrona; e algumas fenetilaminas tais como: catina, efedrina, DOM, DOB e as pertencentes à série 2C-X: 2C-H, 2C-B, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-4 e 2C-T- 7. Para a preparação de volumes de 250 μL de amostras de sangue, plasma e líquido pericárdico e de 100 μL de humor vítreo foi usada a extração em fase sólida (SPE). Atualmente, a SPE é uma das técnicas mais usadas na extração e/ou concentração de amostras complexas, que viabiliza a deteção de compostos em concentrações reduzidas por técnicas cromatográficas especializadas, como a cromatografia de gases e a líquida acopladas à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS e LC-MS). Neste estudo, os extratos foram obtidos por GC-MS em modo SIM. Para habilitar a deteção e a separação das substâncias, por esta técnica cromatográfica, foi previamente aplicado um procedimento de derivatização através do uso de micro-ondas. Este procedimento, com duração de apenas 90 segundos, foi otimizado de forma a minimizar o consumo de tempo (superior a 30 minutos) que é geralmente despendido nas técnicas clássicas de derivatização para a análise de drogas de abuso. Tratando-se de uma técnica analítica pouco estudada na área da toxicologia forense, oferece-nos significativas vantagens em termos de rapidez na x Alternative Specimens in Forensic Toxicology: Analysis of Drugs of Abuse derivatização completa dos compostos. O método foi aplicado a todas as substâncias, com exceção da salvinorina
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