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Endocrine Hormones. • Natural • Synthetic • Endocrine Mimics

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Endocrine Hormones. • Natural • Synthetic • Endocrine Mimics Biodegradation of CECs in Streams USGS Toxics Program CEC Research Methods Development Sources & Pathways Environmental Occurrence Transport & Fate Receptors & Impacts CEC = umbrella term or CEC Ecological Impacts • Endocrine Disruption • Contaminant Toxicity • Antibiotic Resistance • Pathogens • etc. Managing EDC Impacts I. No environmental release. Summary - National Recon Studies - Streams (1999-2000) - Ground Water (2000) - Drinking Water Sources (2001) - Streambed Sediment (2002) Surface (139) Ground (47) 100 Water (30) Sediment (36) 80% 80 60% 60 40% 40 20% Percent Detected Percent Percent Detected Percent 20 0% 0 DEET Pharms Caffeine Non. drugs Antibiotics Fluoxetine Det. Metab. (Kolpin, et al., 2002, Barnes et al., 2008; Focazio et al., 2008) Furlong et al. Managing EDC Impacts I. No environmental release. II. Environmentally benign. EDCs Effects on Aquatic Life • Biochemical: – Vitellogenin (egg yolk protein) production in male fish • Organism: – Intersex (male and female tissue) fish • Population: – “Feminization” of fish populations – Population crashes EDC Impacts – Biochemical e.g. male vitellogenin Induction ** ** * Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) • Vitellogenin (egg yolk protein): • Induced in males – 14 days • 10-25% effluent • Log scale EDC Impacts – Organism e.g. intersex • Gonads removed • Embedded & sectioned • Examined microscopically • male intersex = oocytes in testes EDC Impacts – Population e.g. Feminization (Vajda et al. ES&T. 2008) EDC Impacts – Population e.g. P. promelas crash Kidd et al. PNAS 2007;104:8897-8901: • ELA. • Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). • 5-6 ng/L EE2 (2001-2003). • Population crash within 1-3 years. Managing EDC Impacts I. No environmental release. II. Environmentally benign. III. Impacts subject to responsible management: I. Improved treatment prior to release. II. Assimilative capacity of receptor. Ecosystem EDC Assimilative Capacity As a contaminant is transported through the environment, it is subject to a variety of processes; some of which have the potential to attenuate its environmental toxicity. Mass destruction preferred over media shift or dilution: •Biodegradation •… Barber et al., 1995 Potential for EDC Biodegradation • Endocrine Hormones: • Natural: • 17β-Estradiol (E2) • Estrone (E1) • Testosterone • Synthetic: • 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) HO • Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: • Biochemical Mimics: •Phenol Group •Extended Carbon Backbone • APE Metabolites • e.g. 4-nonylphenol Potential for EDC Biodegradation: 17β-Estradiol 4-NP Parameter Relative Estrogenicity* 1000 1 Concentrationeffluent 10 ng/L to 343 µg/L Concentrationreceptor 10 ng/L to 644 µg/L Concentrationsediment 10 µg/kg to 14 mg/kg DetectionWWTP-Streams <20 % majority *Depends on study and NP isomer Potential for EDC Biodegradation: 14C-Radiotracer Experiment 17β-Estradiol 14C-EDC • Ring labeled. • 14C-mineralization indicates ring destruction. • 14C-mineralization indicates loss of estrogenicity. 14C-Radiotracer Experiment 14 CO2 ADC1 B, ADC1 (NAWC CHIP CE BIODEGRADATION\NAWC68BR ACETATE EXPERIMENT\NAWC68BR-ACETATE-39H\68BR 138' L1.D) Radiometric CO2 TCD1 A, (NAWC CHIP CE BIODEGRADATION\NAWC68BR ACETATE EXPERIMENT\NAWC68BR-ACETATE-39H\68BR 138' L1.D) TCD CH4 Retention Time Radiotracer approach: •[14C] EDC. •GC with TCD and Radiometric Detection. 14 14 • CO2, CH4. •Sediment & water microcosms. Triple Watershed Study Fourmile Creek (IA) • Drainage Area = 410 km2 • Gradient = 1 m/km • Population ~ 27,000 • Fine Grain Sand • WWTP Discharge = 15-80 % DSF Boulder Creek (CO) • Drainage Area = 1160 km2 • Gradient = 4 m/km • Population ~ 174,000 • Coarse Sand & Gravel • WWTP Discharge = 20-50 % DSF South Platte River (CO) • Drainage Area = 10000 km2 • Gradient = 2 m/km • Population ~ 1,700,000 • Coarse Sand and Gravel • WWTP Discharge > 90 % DSF Sediment Red-Ox Conditions “Oxic” Fourmile Creek 12 mean = 8.7 mg/L 8 4 3 Water-Column Dissolved Oxygen: 2 • YSI 556 multiparameter meter. mean = 1.3 mg/L 1 • Four points, mid-depth. 0 -100 -50 0 50 1000 2000 3000 • Saturated. 9 Boulder Creek mean = 8.4 mg/L • Mean = 8.8 mg/L 8 4 • No upstream-downstream change. 3 mean = 1.8 mg/L 2 1 Sediment Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved OxygenDissolved (mg/L) 0 • Chemets colorimetric. -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 12 South Platte River • Four points, 10 cm depth. 10 mean = 9.2 mg/L 8 4 • 0.4-4.0 mg/L. 3 • Mean 1.3 mg/L 2 • No upstream-downstream change. 1 mean = 0.8 mg/L 0 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Distance downstream of WWTP (m) Potential for EDC Biodegradation • Endocrine Hormones: • Natural: • 17β-Estradiol (E2) • Estrone (E1) • Testosterone • Synthetic: • 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) HO • Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: • Biochemical Mimics: •Phenol Group •Extended Carbon Backbone • APE Metabolites • e.g. 4-nonylphenol Potential for 4-NP Biodegradation: Oxic Sediment 100 Fourmile Creek Boulder Creek S Platte River 80 60 40 • Sediment upstream of WWTP outfall. Recovery Recovery Theoretical) (% 2 20 • Efficient mineralization CO 14 under oxic conditions. 0 • 15-20% in 48 h. 0 10 20 30 40 150 160 • Complete in 32 d. Days Bradley et al. ET&C. 2008 Potential for EDC Biodegradation • Endocrine Hormones: • Natural: • 17β-Estradiol (E2) • Estrone (E1) • Testosterone • Synthetic: • 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) HO • Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: • Biochemical Mimics: •Phenol Group •Extended Carbon Backbone • APE Metabolites • e.g. 4-nonylphenol Potential for Steroid Hormone Biodegradation: 14C-Radiotracer Experiment [4-14C] model hormones • “A” ring labeled. • 14C-mineralization indicates ring destruction. • 14C-mineralization indicates loss of estrogenicity. Potential for 17β-Estradiol Biodegradation: Oxic Sediment? 100 Fourmile Creek 80 60 a 40 a a 20 0 • Upstream sediment: 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Boulder Creek 100 b • 30-40% in 32 d. 80 • Outfall sediment: 60 • 40-90% in 32 d. 40 a 20 • Potential for 17β-Estradiol 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 biodegradation in oxic -Estradiol Mineralization (% Theoretical) (% Mineralization -Estradiol 100 South Platte River sediments. 80 b C] 17 C] 14 60 ab [4- a 40 Bradley et al. ES&T. 2009 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Days Potential for 17β-Estradiol Biodegradation: Oxic Water? 70 • 154 days. • FC - no 60 biodegradation. 50 b • Biodegradation at outfall in BC & SPR. 40 b 30 • Biodegradation Estradiol Mineralization Estradiol efficiency stimulated a (% Theoretical) (% 20 a by effluent: • Adapted microbial C] 17 C] 14 10 population? [4- a* a* a* a* • … 0 Up OF Down Up OF Up OF Down Fourmile Creek Boulder Creek S Platte River Bradley et al. ES&T. 2009 Potential for Estrone/Testosterone Biodegradation Oxic Sediment? Fourmile Creek 100 Fourmile Creek 100 b 80 80 b 60 60 a 40 a 40 a a 20 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Boulder Creek Boulder Creek 100 100 b 80 80 a 60 60 a a 40 40 20 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 100 South Platte River 100 South Platte River c C] Estrone Mineralization (% Theoretical) (% Mineralization Estrone C] C] Testosterone Mineralization (% Theoretical) (% Mineralization Testosterone C] 80 14 80 c 14 [4- b [4- 60 60 b 40 40 a 20 a 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Days Days Bradley et al. ES&T. 2009 Potential for EDC Biodegradation • Endocrine Hormones: • Natural: • 17-β-Estradiol (E2) • Estrone (E1) • Testosterone • Synthetic: • 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) HO • Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: • Biochemical Mimics: •Phenol Group •Extended Carbon Backbone • APE Metabolites • e.g. 4-nonylphenol Potential for Steroid Hormone Biodegradation: 14C-Radiotracer Experiment 17-α-Ethinylestradiol 17α-Ethinylestradiol [4-14C] model hormones • “A” ring labeled. • 14C-mineralization indicates ring destruction. • 14C-mineralization indicates loss of estrogenicity. Potential for 17α-Ethinylestradiol Biodegradation? [4-14C] 17a-Ethinylestradiol 100 EPILITHON ABOVE EPILITHON BELOW 80 SEDIMENT ABOVE SEDIMENT BELOW WATER ABOVE 60 WATER BELOW 40 a 20 (% Theoretical)(% C-EE2 C-EE2 Mineralization b 14 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Days Writer et al. ES&T In Press Boulder Creek: • Significant mineralization of EE2 in sediments. • Upstream • Downstream • No EE2 mineralization in water or epilithon treatments. Relative Biodegradation? Boulder Creek [4-14C] 17 -Ethinylestradiol 100 EPILITHON ABOVE EPILITHON BELOW 80 SEDIMENT ABOVE SEDIMENT BELOW WATER ABOVE Boulder Creek: 60 WATER BELOW 40 a • Significant mineralization of EE2 in sediments. 20 b • Upstream 0 [4-14C] 17 -Estradiol • Downstream 100 a • No EE2 mineralization in water 80 ab or epilithon treatments. 60 40 b • Rate of mineralization of EE2 20 c substantially lower than for E2 0 [ring-14C] 4-n-Nonylphenol or NP: 100 a • EE2 ~ 15-25% in 70 days 80 • E2 & NP ~ 20-30% in 7 days C-Substrate Mineralization (% Theoretical) (% Mineralization C-Substrate 14 b 60 c 40 20 d 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Days Writer et al. ES&T In Press EDC Assimilative Capacity in Streams • EDCs: • Endocrine Hormones. • Natural • Synthetic • Endocrine Mimics. • Potential for EDC biodegradation in streams affected by: • Matrix (sediment > epilithon > water). • Contaminant (e.g. E2, NP > EE2). • Red-Ox conditions (oxic > anoxic). • etc. Exploitable EDC Assimilative Capacity Managing EDC Impacts I. No environmental release. II. Environmentally benign. III. Impacts subject to responsible management: I. Improved treatment prior to release. II. Assimilative capacity of receptor. III. Discontinued use. Managing EDC Impacts Improve Identify Treatment Impact (Occurrence) Thresholds Assess Assimilative Capacity Manage EDC Risk Managing EDC Impacts Impending regulation? • “Aquatic Life Criteria” • “Drinking Water Standards” Managing EDC Impacts Substance Name PPCP CASRN Use It is an estrogenic hormone and is 17alpha-estradiol P 57-91-0 used in pharmaceuticals. Impending regulation? It is an estrogenic hormone and is equilenin P 517-09-9 used in pharmaceuticals. It is an estrogenic hormone and is • “Aquatic Life Criteria” equilin P 474-86-2 used in pharmaceuticals. It is used in pharmaceutical • “Drinking Water Standards” Erythromycin P 114-07-8 formulations as an antibiotic. Estradiol (17-beta It is an estrogenic hormone and is estradiol) P 50-28-2 used in pharmaceuticals.
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