World War II Comes to the Middle East
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The Sacred and the Profane
Kimberly Katz. Jordanian Jerusalem: Holy Places and National Spaces. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. xvi + 150 pp. $59.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8130-2844-6. Reviewed by Michael Fischbach Published on H-Levant (October, 2007) One of the topics that has generated consider‐ time) as well as to maintain these changing identi‐ able scholarly interest in the past decade, within ties in the face of powerful regional currents, the various disciplines dealing with modern Mid‐ forces, events, and neighbors that often (if not dle Eastern history, is the question of how nation‐ usually) have militated against these efforts. For al identity is created. Various factors, from socio- example, the fact that Jordan's Hashemite mon‐ economic to cultural and spatial, have been ana‐ archs have embraced and celebrated the lyzed by those seeking to discover how national Hashemite family's traditionalist and pro-Western communities--what Benedict Anderson's seminal Arab nationalist credentials frequently has collid‐ 1991 book calls "imagined communities"--are ed with the anti-Western, anti-colonial sentiments formed. Despite the fact that all the modern-day so often found among Arabs in the twentieth cen‐ states of the Fertile Crescent were creations of tury, including those living in Jordan itself. This Western imperialism, Jordan has been the subject was particularly true in the mid-twentieth centu‐ of particular focus in regard to this issue. What ry, when so many of the traditional values upon factors have gone into the creation of a Jordanian -
The Royal Air Force and Kuwait
THE ROYAL AIR FORCE AND KUWAIT Please return to the holder for other visitors. Introduction In January 1899 an agreement was reached between Kuwait and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom agreed to pay an annual subsidy to Kuwait and take responsibility for its security. The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 con rmed Kuwait’s status as an autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire. The defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War One, however, led to an unstable situation. In 1920 border disputes led to warfare between Kuwaitis and the Ikhwan tribes from Nejd. At first it was the Ikhwan who were victorious but in October they raided Jahra and were defeated. Sheikh Salim al-Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait claimed to be in control of all territory in a radius of 140 kilometres from the capital but Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman ibn Sa’ud claimed that the borders of Kuwait did not extend beyond the walls of its capital. The British Government, unwilling at first to intervene, confirmed that it recognised the borders laid down in the 1913 Convention. Eventually the British Government sent warships to protect the Kuwaiti capital and RAF aircraft dropped copies of a communique to the Ikhwan tribesmen. This helped create an uneasy truce between the two countries and established a no man’s land. The 1921 Cairo Conference, chaired by Winston Churchill, established Iraq as a kingdom under King Faisal within the British Mandate. The Royal Air Force was tasked with maintaining peace in the country; it took command with effect from 1 October 1922. -
A Sociolinguistic Study in Am, Northern Jordan
A Sociolinguistic Study in am, Northern Jordan Noora Abu Ain A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex June 2016 2 To my beloved Ibrahim for his love, patience and continuous support 3 Abstract T features in S J T (U) T J : zubde „ ‟ dʒubne „ ‟. On the other hand, the central and southern Jordanian dialects have [i] in similar environments; thus, zibde and dʒibne T (L) T the dark varian t [l] I , : x „ ‟ g „ ‟, other dialects realise it as [l], and thus: x l and g l. These variables are studied in relation to three social factors (age, gender and amount of contact) and three linguistic factors (position in syllable, preceding and following environments). The sample consists of 60 speakers (30 males and 30 females) from three age groups (young, middle and old). The data were collected through sociolinguistic interviews, and analysed within the framework of the Variationist Paradigm using Rbrul statistical package. The results show considerable variation and change in progress in the use of both variables, constrained by linguistic and social factors. , T lowed by a back vowel. For both variables, the young female speakers were found to lead the change towards the non-local variants [i] and [l]. The interpretations of the findings focus on changes that the local community have experienced 4 as a result of urbanisation and increased access to the target features through contact with outside communities. Keywords: Jordan, , variable (U), variable (L), Rbrul, variation and change 5 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... -
The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi
A Divided Camp: The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi Jarrar Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2016 © Copyright by Ghazi Jarrar, 2016 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................v Chapter One: Introduction.................................................................................................................1 Background.....................................................................................................................................3 Historiography...........................................................................................................................11 Project Parameters and Outline..........................................................................................26 A Note on Sources.....................................................................................................................29 Chapter Two: The Militant Istiqlalis...........................................................................................31 Background..................................................................................................................................32 The Militant Istiqlalis: Part -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
(C) Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/126 Image
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/126 Image Reference:0002 [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty^ Government.] Printed for the Cabinet. August 192J. SECRET. C.P!-3197. POLICY AND FINANCE IN MESOPOTAMIA, 1922-23. MEMORANDUM BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES. THE Cairo Conference plans which were approved in principle by the Cabinet contemplated a reduction of the garrison of Mesopotamia during the present year to a 12-battalion scale ; and it was provisionally estimated by the War Office financial expert who accompanied me that this 12-battalion garrison would cost about 4^ millions in the financial year 1922-23. However, on further examination of the position, the War Office now estimate that the 12-battalion garrison will aggregate 18,000 men instead of 13,000, and will cost 10 millions instead of 4j. All this will be additional to the Air Force and the levies. It is, of course, quite impossible for me to reconcile such a charge with any forecasts or undertakings I have given to Parliament. In addition, we are led to believe that there will very likely be arrears of financial settlements with India, which will fall on the estimates of next year, or possibly require a supplementary estimate this year. 2. General Haldane has pursued with great steadfastness the policy of reducing the garrison. He is already down to 20 battalions, and expects to reach as IOAV a figure as 8 or 9 only by the end of the year. He thinks Mesopotamia very unsuitable for white troops on account of the great heat and bad climate and the lack of barrack accommodation, which latter can only be secured at great caracal expense. -
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan: How this symbiotic alliance established the legitimacy and political longevity of the regime in the process of state-formation, 1914-1946 An Honors Thesis for the Department of Middle Eastern Studies Julie Murray Tufts University, 2018 Acknowledgements The writing of this thesis was not a unilateral effort, and I would be remiss not to acknowledge those who have helped me along the way. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Thomas Abowd, for his encouragement of my academic curiosity this past year, and for all his help in first, making this project a reality, and second, shaping it into (what I hope is) a coherent and meaningful project. His class provided me with a new lens through which to examine political history, and gave me with the impetus to start this paper. I must also acknowledge the role my abroad experience played in shaping this thesis. It was a research project conducted with CET that sparked my interest in political stability in Jordan, so thank you to Ines and Dr. Saif, and of course, my classmates, Lensa, Matthew, and Jackie, for first empowering me to explore this topic. I would also like to thank my parents and my brother, Jonathan, for their continuous support. I feel so lucky to have such a caring family that has given me the opportunity to pursue my passions. Finally, a shout-out to the gals that have been my emotional bedrock and inspiration through this process: Annie, Maya, Miranda, Rachel – I love y’all; thanks for listening to me rant about this all year. -
9789004203792.Pdf
Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture Studies in Jewish History and Culture Edited by Giuseppe Veltri VOLUME 31 Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture By Etan Bloom LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bloom, Etan. Arthur Ruppin and the production of pre-Israeli culture / edited by Etan Bloom. p. cm. -- (Studies in Jewish history and culture ; v. 31) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-20379-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Ruppin, Arthur, 1876-1943. 2. Ruppin, Arthur, 1876-1943--Political and social views. 3. Zionism--Palestine--History--20th century. 4. Jews--Colonization--Palestine--History--20th century. 5. Zionists--Germany--Biography. 6. Zionists--Palestine--Biography. 7. Politics and culture--Palestine. I. Title. II. Series. DS151.R75B56 2011 320.54095694092--dc22 2011000173 ISSN 1568-5004 ISBN 978-90-04-20379-2 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly -
Country-Study-Of-The-Kingdom-Of
0 0 1 Contents Country Study ― Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................................................... 2 Geographic Contours ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Terrain ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Climate ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Historical Perception .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Society .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Demography ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Languages ......................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Social Structure ................................................................................................................................. 11 4. Religion ............................................................................................................................................. -
18 Chapter One Making the Desert Bloom: New Jew, Ancient Orient
Chapter one Making the Desert Bloom: New Jew, Ancient Orient and the Construction of the Sabra 18 1 Chapter O 19 1.1 From Basel to Tel Hai…from Hashomer to the Establishment of the IDF I must train the youth to be soldiers. But only a professional army. Strength: one tenth of the male population: less would not suffice internally. However, I educate one and all to be free and strong men, ready to serve as volunteers if necessary. Education by means of patriotic songs, the Maccabean tradition, religion, heroic stage-plays, honor (Theodor Herzl, 1956). From Basel to Tel Hai... “The nation’s self representation always involves myth about the nation’s creation and about its members” (Mayer, 2000, p.9). According to Mayer, in Zionism, too, as in other nationalisms, myth and memory have been crucial to the construction of the nation. Referring to a hill near .( ציון) The term ‘Zionism’ itself is derived from the biblical word Tzion Jerusalem, this term is symbolic of Eretz Israel , the Land of Israel. The term refers to the ancient patrimony of the Jews which, according to Jewish mythology, was promised by Yahweh to Abraham and his descendents, the ‘Children of Israel”. The first use of the term “Zionism” is attributed to the Austrian Nathan Bimrnbaum, founder of a nationalist Jewish students’ movement called Kadimah . Bimrnbaum first used the term in his journal Selbstemanzipation (Self Emancipation ), published between 1885 and 1894, with some interruptions, and renamed Juedische Volkszeitung in 1894. Zionism does not have a uniform ideology, but has evolved through a dialogue among a plethora of ideologies. -
View Past Policy and Propose New Restrictions on Jewish Immigration to the Country
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 British Foreign Policy and the Arab Rebellion in Palestine: The Transformation of Middle East Politics, 1936-1939 Jared S. Ross Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY AND THE ARAB REBELLION IN PALESTINE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF MIDDLE EAST POLITICS, 1936-1939 By JARED S. ROSS A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Jared S. Ross defended on June 17, 2009. ______________________________ Charles Upchurch Professor Directing Thesis _______________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member _______________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member Approved: __________________________________ Elna Green, Chair, Department of History Joseph Travis, Dean, Arts and Sciences The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii I dedicate this to my family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Florida State University and the Department of History for their support in the completion of this thesis. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Charles Upchurch. In the five years that I’ve known him, Dr. Upchurch has given me the best guidance in pursuing my academic interests and I owe him the greatest debt of gratitude. I would also like to thank Dr. Peter Garretson and Dr. Jonathan Grant for agreeing to serve on my committee, and for providing the best instruction inside and outside the classroom. -
Department of Military History U.S
Preparing Leaders for the Future Department of Military History U.S. Army Command & General Staff College Command & General Staff College Command Brief Fort Leavenworth, Kansas United States Army Combined Arms Center 1 Introduction to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College . Since its inception in 1881 as the School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, the Command and General Staff College (CGSC) has evolved to meet the educational and operational needs of the United States Army. CGSC today -- Joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational. Since June 2015 -- a subordinate organization of Army University. CGSC’s three schools offer fourteen academic programs: The Command and General Staff School (CGSS) resident /non-resident CGSOC The School for Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) AMSP, ASLSP, ASP3 The School of Command Preparation (SCP) ten continuing education courses for future BN / BDE CDRS, CSMs, spouses, company-level CO/1SG teams, future DCGs. Other College programs: Graduate Degree Program, Scholars Program, Interagency Exchange, partnerships with U.S. universities, outreach in support of Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs). CGSC is accredited by: (a) the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide JPME Phase I (and soon, JPME Phase II); (b) the Higher Learning Commission to grant a Master of Military Art and Science degree; and (c) HQs TRADOC to deliver Army PME. CGSC Mission The US Army Command and General Staff College educates, trains and develops leaders for Unified Land Operations in a Joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational operational environment; and advances the art and science of the profession of arms in support of Army operational requirements.