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Interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 1 Inhalt Editorial fokussiert Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Venus steht immer noch im Schatten von Mars, obwohl sie unserer Erde in vielem ähnlicher ist als der rote Wüstenplanet. Während ein Mil- lionenpublikum fasziniert verfolgte, wie Roboter auf der Marsoberfl ä- che hin- und herfuhren, war es um unsere Schwester ruhig geworden. Doch nun beginnt sich die Aufmerksamkeit zu verlagern: Die europä- ische Sonde »Venus Express« gibt der Forschung neue Erkenntnisse über unseren Nachbarplaneten (Seite 14), und auch Amateurastro- nomen entdecken Venus neu (Seite 38). Dank moderner Kamera- und Filtertechnik ist heute sogar mit kleinen Teleskopen möglich, was vor wenigen Jahren noch undenkbar erschien: Die Venuswolken zu durch- brechen und die Oberfl äche des Planeten zu dokumentieren (Seite 42). Ronald Stoyan, Chefredakteur Die nächste Sonnenfi nsternis kommt bestimmt. Noch ist die letzte totale Sonnenfi nsternis kaum verarbeitet, machen sich Finsternisjäger wieder auf den Weg, um am 1. August 2008 den Augenblick zu erleben, wenn es mittags dunkel wird. Statt der Türkei und Libyen sind diesmal der sibirische Altai oder die mongolische Steppe das Ziel, denn hier ist auf dem die halbe Nordhemisphäre der Erde umspannenden Finster- nispfad am ehesten mit klarem Himmel zu rechnen. Auch im deutschen Sprachraum wird das Ereignis zu sehen sein, allerdings streift der Mond nur knapp die Sonnenscheibe – eine Finsternis im Wortsinn ist also nicht zu erwarten (Seite 34). Sternwarten haben für uns Sternfreunde eine magische Anziehungs- kraft. Dabei faszinieren uns sowohl die technischen Meisterwerke der Vergangenheit als auch die Techniktempel der heutigen Zeit. Stefan Binnewies, Wolfgang Steinicke und Jens Moser haben diese Faszination in Bild und Text eingefangen und zu einem beeindruckenden Bildband zusammengestellt. »Sternwarten – 95 astronomische Observatorien in aller Welt« ist soeben im Oculum-Verlag erschienen. Ich möchte Ihnen dieses einzigartige Werk für Ihre astronomischen Mußestunden an ver- regneten Sommerabenden wärmstens ans Herz legen. Ihr Titelbild: Die dichte Atmosphäre der Ve- nus, für die Sonde Mariner 10 im Febru- ar 1974 noch undurchdringlich, gibt im- mer neue Geheimnisse preis. Nicht nur die ESA-Sonde »Venus Express« gewinnt neue Erkenntnisse über den Nachbarplaneten, auch Amateurastronomen haben die Ve- nus als Beobachtungsobjekt neu entdeckt. NASA, Matthias Malmer Dieses Dokument ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nutzung nur zu privaten Zwecken. Die Weiterverbreitung ist untersagt. interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 1 Inhalt Hintergrund Hauptartikel 14 Die Entschleierung unserer heißen Schwester Das Comeback der Venusforschung 19 Astro-Wissen: Was ist der Treibhauseff ekt? Schlagzeilen 10 Lichtechos verraten die Schwarze Entfernung eines Cepheiden Sonne über den 11 Jupiters interne Energie Weiten Asiens 34 treibt Sturmsysteme Dunkle Energie und die Expansion des Universums 12 Methan in extrasolarer Planetenatmosphäre 12 Raumfahrt aktuell: Überraschung auf Enceladus Himmel Ereignisse 20 Jupiter in Opposition am 9. Juli 2008 Mond bedeckt Sternpaar 21 Planetenparade am Abendhimmel Deep-Sky-Nächte für Die Sommer-Südströme Großstadtbeobachter 44 Sonnensystem 24 Sonne aktuell: Sonne im Minimum 47 Praxis-Wissen: Wie kann man Einzelheiten in Planetarischen 25 Planeten aktuell: Nebeln erkennen? Weißer Fleck auf Saturn Kometen aktuell: Technik Wiedersehen mit 6P/d'Arrest Sternhimmel Produktvergleich 29 Astronomie mit bloßem 52 Weiter Blick mit Auge: M 13 beiden Augen 29 Astronomie mit dem Fernglas: Sieben Kompaktferngläser für Der höchste Mondberg die Himmelsbeobachtung 30 Objekt der Saison: M 12 CCD-Kameras Astrofotografi e für Mond- und 31 Objekt der Saison: NGC 6210 48 CCD-Kameras für Mond- 35 Veränderlicher aktuell: Planetenjäger 48 AC Herculis und Planetenjäger Die ungekühlten Astrokameras Praxis von Imaging Source Selbstbau Sonne 60 Selbstbau in Perfektion 34 Schwarze Sonne über Eine selbstgebaute den Weiten Asiens Deutsche Montierung Die Sonnenfi nsternis am 1. August 65 Technik-Wissen: Wie lang Planeten kann belichtet werden, um noch punktförmige 38 Entschleierte Schönheit Sterne zu erhalten? Das neue Gesicht der Venus Produktspiegel 42 Venus lässt tief blicken 59 Neues vom Fernglasmarkt Amateurbilder der Venus-Oberfl äche Neues Einsteigerteleskop von Meade Deep-Sky Multiadapter von Gerd Neumann Selbstbau in 44 Deep-Sky-Nächte für Perfektion 60 Großstadtbeobachter Von Albireo zum Hantelnebel Dieses Dokument ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nutzung nur zu privaten Zwecken. Die Weiterverbreitung ist untersagt. 2 interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 Inhalt Die Entschleierung unserer 14 heißen Schwester Das Comeback der Venusforschung Pathfi nder, Cassini, Rosetta, Messenger: Die großen Sondenmissionen der letzten Jahre umgingen den Planeten Venus. Still war es deshalb geworden um die Schwester der Erde, auf der aufgrund eines extre- men Treibhauseff ekts höllenhafte Bedingungen herrschen. Doch nun hat die Astronomie unseren Nachbarplaneten wiederentdeckt: Die europäische Raumsonde »Venus Express« zeigt neue Details der dich- ten Venuswolken. Und auch Amateurergebnisse erscheinen plötzlich in einem anderen Licht. Beobachtungen Produktvergleich: Weiter Rückblick 66 Die Mondfi nsternis am 21.2.2008 Blick mit beiden Augen 67 Konjunktion von Venus und Jupiter Anfang Februar 2008 Sieben Kompaktferngläser für 52 Objekte der Saison die Himmelsbeobachtung 68 NGC 6633 / NGC 6572 Galerie 72 Astrofotos unserer Leser 74 Zeichnungen unserer Leser Service Szene 76 Termine für Sternfreunde: Juni bis August 2008 Rezensionen 75 Der Wolkenatlas Making Beautiful Deep-Sky Images Jupiter and How to Observe It Astromarkt 77 Kleinanzeigen 1 fokussiert 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 Leserbriefe 78 Vorschau, Impressum, Leserhinweise Dieses Dokument ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nutzung nur zu privaten Zwecken. Die Weiterverbreitung ist untersagt. interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 3 Dieses Dokument ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nutzung nur zu privaten Zwecken. Die Weiterverbreitung ist untersagt. 6 interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 Leserbriefe Nachfrage zu Artikel Mondillusion (interstellarum 57) Sie schreiben »...dass Mikropsie und Makropsie in ihrem Ausmaß stärker ausfallen, wenn man den Kopf nicht hori- zontal hält, sondern nach oben blickt.« Dass sich Mikro- und Makropsie prinzipiell je nach Blickrichtung ändern können, leuchtet ein, da das Gehirn neben der rein optischen In- formation über Muskelspindeln in der Augenmuskulatur ja auch detaillierte Informationen über die Stellung der Augen und deren Muskeln im Raum und zueinander erhält und die visuellen Rohdaten sicher in Abhängigkeit von diesen Raum- Lage-Informationen verarbeitet werden. Daraus folgern Sie: »Dieser Eff ekt führt zu einer scheinbaren Vergrößerung des Horizontmondes um 73 %.« Dies erscheint mir nun wenig nachvollziehbar: Beim Hori- zontblick schaue ich ja nicht nach oben, sondern horizontal. Wenn die Makropsie beim nach-oben-blicken aber ausge- prägter ist, müsste ich doch eigentlich den Mond hoch am Himmel größer sehen als den Horizontmond. Damit wäre doch der genau umgekehrte Eff ekt als der real zu beobacht- ende beschrieben? Christian Kiefer Mein Satz ist etwas missverständlich, ich bitte um Nach- sicht. Gemeint ist: Neben dem normalen Mikropsie/Makrop- sie-Eff ekt kommen beim nach-oben-schauen zusätzliche Muskelbelastungen im Auge hinzu. Da Muskelanspannungen im Auge nachprüfbar einen Einfl uss auf die erlebte Sehgröße haben, ist ein Einfl uss bei dieser Seh-Richtung naheliegend. Erst einmal irgendein Einfl uss, ohne dass ich eine Richtung (Vergrößerung oder Verkleinerung) allein aus dieser Tatsache ableiten kann: Das genaue Belastungsmuster der Augenmus- keln und die daraus entstehende Bildgrößenänderung sind meines Wissens in dieser konkreten Form unerforscht. Aber die Versuche von Erna Schur geben die Richtung »Kleinersehen« beim Steilblick. Ich habe in meinem Artikel die einigermaßen schlüssige Mutmaßung aufstellen wollen, dass dieser gemessene Eff ekt auf der Anspannung der Au- genmuskeln beruht. Richtig beweisen kann ich das natürlich nicht. Uwe Pilz Leserhinweise Bildorientierung: Allgemein: Norden oben, Osten links; Planeten: Süden oben, vorangehender Rand links Datenquellen: Sonnensystem: Kosmos Himmelsjahr, Ah- nerts Kalender für Sternfreunde, Cartes du Ciel; Deep- Sky: Deep Sky Reiseführer, NGC/IC W. Steinicke, Deep Sky Field Guide Koordinaten: äquatoriale Koordinatenangaben, Äquinok- tium 2000.0 Helligkeiten: sofern nicht anders angegeben V-Helligkeit Deep-Sky-Objekte: DS (Doppelstern), OC (Off ener Stern- haufen), PN (Planetarischer Nebel), GN (Galaktischer Ne- bel), GC (Kugelsternhaufen), Gx (Galaxie), Qs (Quasar), As (Sternmuster) Kartenverweise: Deep Sky Reiseatlas (DSRA), Uranome- tria 1.Aufl age (Uran.) Dieses Dokument ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Nutzung nur zu privaten Zwecken. Die Weiterverbreitung ist untersagt. interstellarum 58 • Juni/Juli 2008 7 Schlagzeilen von Susanne und Peter Friedrich Lichtechos verraten die Entfernung eines Cepheiden /08 Abb. 1: Der Nebel um RS Puppis. RS Puppis wurde hinter dem A Spalt zwischen den beiden Detektoren platziert, damit er den 05 HOTO Nebel nicht überstrahlt. ESO PR P Cepheiden sind Sterne, die ihre Helligkeit mit einer be- stimmten Periode ändern. Da die Länge der Periode mit der absoluten Helligkeit der Sterne korreliert, werden sie seit dem Erkennen dieser sog. Perioden-Helligkeits-Beziehung zur Be- stimmung der Entfernung anderer Himmelsobjekte wie Gala- xien oder Sternhaufen herangezogen. Damit
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