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EUFOR RCA: Participación De España En La Crisis Centroafricana

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EUFOR RCA: Participación De España En La Crisis Centroafricana Documento de Trabajo 03/2016 _____ Organismo solicitante del estudio: Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) * Trabajo incluido en el Plan Anual de Investigación del Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) para el año 2016, como Grupo de Trabajo de Corta Duración nº 3 y asignado al Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos (IEEE) * ____________________________________ EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana ____________________________________ 1 Documento de Trabajo del Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana Maquetado en junio de 2016 por el Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos (IEEE) Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) _____________________________________________________________________________ NOTA: Las ideas y opiniones contenidas en este documento son de responsabilidad de los autores, sin que reflejen, necesariamente, el pensamiento del Ministerio de Defensa, del CESEDEN o del IEEE. _____________________________________________________________________________ 2 D.T. 03/2016 EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana Índice Índice ..............................................................................................................................3 Sumario .............................................................................................................................7 Introducción ................................................................................................................9 Mapa ubicación geográfica y datos generales ...................19 Capítulo I Crónica de un estado fallido: devenir histórico y las relaciones externas Introducción: «Esto ya no es un país» ...........................................................25 La errática y violenta historia centroafricana .................................................28 El complejo entorno regional: compartir y proyectar inestabilidad ...............32 Chad, Sudán y República Centroafricana: un triángulo pernicioso ..............34 Uganda: la proyección del terrorismo sobre las fronteras centroafricanas ........37 Libia: el interesado socio del norte de África ...............................................39 La debilidad de la República Centroafricana en el contexto internacional ....40 Conclusión: un país por construir ................................................................44 Capítulo II El conflicto de la República Centroafricana a partir de 2013 Introducción: violencia más allá de la muerte ...............................................49 La guerra entre grupos armados de 2013-2014 ............................................53 3 Documento de Trabajo del Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) Las raíces del odio: el resentimiento histórico entre cristianos y musulmanes ..53 La ofensiva de la Seleka: entre el grupo armado y la banda criminal ............55 El paroxismo de la violencia: el odio confesional germina entre las comunidades............................................................................................58 Un país amenazado de secesión .................................................................60 Bangui, frente de guerra entre Seleka y Antibalaka .......................................62 Una misión acogida con alivio por una población hostigada .......................66 Conclusión: la RCA después de EUFOR, una transición frágil pero en marcha ...............................................................................................................68 Capítulo III Misiones/operaciones internacionales en la República Centroafricana: una aproximación histórica «Operación Barracuda» ................................................................................77 Misión interafricana de supervisión de la aplicación de los Acuerdos de Bangui (MISAB) ...............................................................................................78 Misión de Naciones Unidas en República Centroafricana (MINURCA) ......80 Oficina de Naciones Unidas para la consolidación de la paz en República Centroafricana (BONUCA) ..................................................................81 Fuerza de mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad de la CEN-SAD en Centroáfrica ...........................................................................................82 Operacion Boali» .........................................................................................83 Fuerza multinacional en Centroafrica (FOMUC) ........................................84 Misión de las naciones unidas en la República Centroafricana y el Chad (MINURCAT).......................................................................................86 4 D.T. 03/2016 EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana Operación de la Unión Europea en la República Del Chad y en la República Centroafricana (EUFOR Tchad-RCA) ..................................................89 Misión de consolidación de la paz en Centroáfrica (MICOPAX) .................90 Misión internacional de apoyo a la República Centroafricana (MISCA)........93 Oficina integrada de las Naciones Unidas para la consolidación de la paz en la República Centroafricana (BINUCA) ................................................96 Iniciativa de cooperación regional contra el Ejército de Resistencia del señor (ICR/LRA).............................................................................................97 «Operación Sangaris» ...................................................................................99 Misión Multidimensional Integrada de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Centroafricana (MINUSCA) ......................................100 Operación militar de la Unión Europea en la República Centroafricana (EUFOR/RCA) ....................................................................................103 Misión de la Unión Europea en la República Centroafricana (EUMAM RCA). .............................................................................................................104 Conclusiones .............................................................................................106 Intervenciones francesas .............................................................................108 Capítulo IV Operaciones especiales españolas en la República Centroafricana Preparación previa al despliegue .................................................................114 Despliegue. Primeras impresiones ..............................................................121 Avanzar en el conocimiento e integración. Corazones y mentes ..................125 Distrito 3. Aproximación al sector musulmán ............................................130 5 Documento de Trabajo del Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) Integración completa, vivir con la población. Riesgo rentable .....................132 Conclusiones .............................................................................................134 Capítulo V La integración de un componente policial de la Guardia Civil en una misión militar de gestión de crisis El modelo policial y los retos en el sector seguridad de la República Centroafricana .....................................................................................139 La integración de EUROGENDFOR en la misión militar de EUFOR RCA ... .............................................................................................................144 La participación de la Guardia Civil: el GAR una solución eficaz ...............153 Conclusiones .............................................................................................161 Listado de acrónimos ....................................................................163 Composición del grupo de trabajo ..........................................167 6 D.T. 03/2016 EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana Sumario Introducción Por Jaime Íñiguez Andrade Mapa ubicación geográfica y datos generales Capítulo I Crónica de un estado fallido: devenir histórico y las relaciones externas Por Jesús Díez Alcalde Capítulo II El conflicto de la República Centroafricana a partir de 2013 Por Trinidad Deiros Bronte Capítulo III Misiones/operaciones internacionales en la República Centroafricana: una aproximación histórica Por Juan Mora Tebas Capítulo IV Operaciones Especiales españolas en la República Centroafricana Por Francisco Javier Lucas de Soto Capítulo V La integración de un componente policial de la Guardia Civil en una misión militar de gestión de crisis Por Jesús Gayoso Rey Listado de acrónimos Composición del Grupo de Trabajo 7 Documento de Trabajo del Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) 8 D.T. 03/2016 EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana EUFOR RCA: Participación de España en la crisis centroafricana Introducción Jaime Iñiguez Andrade Palabras del Comandante de la Fuerza de la Unión Europea en la República Centroafricana, General francés Thierry Lion, en la despedida del contingente de operaciones especiales y Guardia Civil (finales 2014)1: “Mi gratitud inicial es para el Mando Componente de Operaciones Especiales. Para serhonesto, no me ha sorprendido su excepcional profesionalidad, ya que es unacaracterística de este tipo de unidades, pero sí quiero agradecerles sinceramente sudestacado compromiso, su espíritu constructivo y afable y, sobre todo, los
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