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Coastal Heritage Magazine of the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium

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Coastal Heritage Magazine of the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium COASTAL HERITAGE VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1 WINTER 2017 Trailblazers of the ReconstructionW INTEREra 2017 • 1 3 TRAILBLAZERS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA With a new National Park Service site planned for Beaufort County, the people who led the way during Reconstruction gain new acclaim. 5 Coastal Science Serving South Carolina SOUTH CAROLINA’S SEVEN CONSTITUTIONS Coastal Heritage is a quarterly publication New state guiding principles set the tone for Reconstruction. of the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, a science- based state agency supporting research, education, and outreach to conserve coastal 14 resources and enhance economic opportunity for the people of South Carolina. NEWS AND NOTES Comments regarding this or future issues of • USC President Pastides elected board chair Coastal Heritage are welcomed at • Two students chosen for Knauss fellowship [email protected]. Subscriptions • Community shellfish restoration and research featured at conference are free upon request by contacting: • Beach Sweep/River Sweep nets 24 tons of debris S.C. Sea Grant Consortium 287 Meeting Street 16 Charleston, S.C. 29401 phone: (843) 953-2078 EBBS AND FLOWS [email protected] • North Carolina’s Coastal Conference Executive Director • SEERS/Benthic Ecology Meeting M. Richard DeVoe • Gullah/Geechee Coastal Cultures Conference Director of Communications Susan Ferris Hill Editor Joey Holleman Art Director Pam Hesse Pam Hesse Graphic Design Board of Directors The Consortium’s Board of Directors is composed of the chief executive officers of its member institutions: Dr. Harris Pastides, Chair President, University of South Carolina Dr. James P. Clements President, Clemson University Dr. David A. DeCenzo President, Coastal Carolina University Glenn F. McConnell President, College of Charleston Dr. David J. Cole President, Medical University of South Carolina Col. Alvin A. Taylor ON THE COVER: Director, Robert Smalls, the most prominent African-American figure in South Carolina S.C. Department of Natural Resources during Reconstruction, is celebrated with a sculpture outside Tabernacle Baptist Church James E. Clark in Beaufort, S.C. President, S.C. State University PHOTO/GRACE BEAHM Lt. General John W. Rosa COPYRIGHT © 2017 by the South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. All rights reserved. President, The Citadel 2 • COASTAL HERITAGE HISTORY ABOUNDS. A marker was erected in 1994 at the Georgetown home of Joseph Rainey. A revival of interest in Rainey and other important figures of Recon struc tion is expected with the recent announcement of a National Park Service Reconstruction National Monument in Beaufort County, S.C. PHOTO/GRACE BEAHM Trailblazers of the Reconstruction Era by Joey Holleman obert Smalls pulled off a feat so was a suburban real-estate developer in problem to face in the sudden freeing Rdaring it landed him an audience coastal South Carolina decades before of thousands of irresponsible, unedu- with President Abraham Lincoln as true suburbs arose in the region. cated, unmoral, and, in many cases, well as a trip to New York to bolster Francis Cardozo was the first brutish Africans. The people of South support for the Union effort during the African American to hold statewide Carolina felt that they were a danger Civil War. office in the United States. Joseph and that harsh laws were necessary to Frances Rollin Whipper sued Rainey was the first African American hold them in bounds.” a Charleston public transportation to serve in the United States House of That is from History of South company in 1867 for refusing to sell Representatives. Carolina, revised in 1916 by Mary C. her a first-class ticket because she was These residents of Reconstruction- Simms Oliphant from the original black, and won the case. era South Carolina in the second half book written by her grandfather, Laura Towne started a school for of the 19th century lived amazing lives, William Gilmore Simms. The words former slaves on Saint Helena Island with plot twists worthy of best-selling reflected the ruling class viewpoint in in 1862, just a few months after such novels or blockbuster motion pictures. the early 20th century. an institution would have been illegal, Yet this is how South Carolina history The New Simms History of South and it’s still a center of the community. textbooks referred to their era and Carolina, Oliphant’s 1940 update, Reverend Richard Cain rein vig- accomplishments for the first half of toned down the rhetoric only slightly. or ated an African-American church the 20th century: The chapter on the period after that remains a Charleston icon, and he “The State had a tremendous the Civil War was titled “Recon- WINTER 2017 • 3 residents flexed political muscle reflect- ing their numbers. The beginning of the end of Reconstruction was the 1876 election, when the Democrats, then the party of the white establish- ment, used voter intimidation to regain control of state politics. A new state constitution in 1895 further disenfranchised black voters, and the Reconstruction era ended by the turn of the century. Reverend Abraham Murray, cur- rent pastor at the historic Brick Baptist Church on Saint Helena Island, knew little about the region’s rich Recon- struction history when he came to the church 16 years ago. “I was never taught anything good about the period called Reconstruction,” Murray says. In December 2016, hundreds of history enthusiasts packed Brick Baptist Church at a public meeting to discuss establishing a National Park Service (NPS) site in Beaufort County to commemorate Reconstruction. The meeting was the final official event in a 15-year effort. Barack Obama, in one of his last acts as president in January 2017, designated a Reconstruction National Monument covering four specific locations in Beaufort County— Brick Baptist Church, Darrah Hall at the adjacent Penn Center, the Emanci- pation Oak at Camp Saxton in Port Royal, and a former firehouse in Beau fort. From interpretive sites at the firehouse and Penn Center, home to MAP/U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR/NATIONAL PARK SERVICE the first school for freed slaves in 1862, visitors will be able to learn about the struction —The State’s Darkest Day.” ignored individually and pilloried fascinating people, places, and events “The horrors of war were nothing collectively. By the 1970 version of of the era. compared to those of this period when the Oliphant textbook, now titled The “We live in the world that Recon- Congress was ‘reconstructing’ the History of South Carolina, figures such struction made, so it’s very important State,” it reads, referring to those as Cain, Cardozo, Rainey, and Smalls that we grapple with and understand elected to the state Legislature during did merit mentions. The overriding this period in our history,” says Ehren Reconstruction as carpetbaggers, message, however, remained that Foley, a historian with the S.C. State scalawags, and negroes. “For eight nothing positive happened during Historic Preservation Office. “And we years, they plundered and robbed the Reconstruction. The next section in haven’t really had that reckoning yet, State. … The Congress of the United the textbook was renamed “The End and maybe this is our opportunity States kept troops in South Carolina of a Tragic Era.” to do so.” to keep these thieves in power.” Reconstruction was the historical In the past 50 years, a wave of Rather than being celebrated for period born of the emancipation of scholarly books and papers has broadly achievements against great odds, the slaves and the economic and political examined the Reconstruction period, Reconstruction-era leaders of the upheaval of the Civil War. It was but little of the scholarship on the newly free black population were marked by a brief period when black subject has filtered down to general 4 • COASTAL HERITAGE public knowledge. One solution could It’s not because his life was lacking be celebrating the amazing characters in dramatics. University of South SOUTH CAROLINA’S SEVEN of Reconstruction, whose stories make Carolina history professor Andrew CONSTITUTIONS history come alive for students of all Billingsley’s 2007 book “Yearning to ages. The following are snapshots Breathe Free: Robert Smalls of South South Carolina has had seven constitu- of six fascinating people who called Carolina and His Families” reads like tions, including four in the second half of th South Carolina home during that era. hard-to-believe fiction. the 19 century that marked tremendous “He was a brave, intelligent leader changes of course and set the tone for the ROBERT SMALLS (1839-1915) in the decade of biracial political Reconstruction era in South Carolina. democracy in South Carolina, which Constitution of 1776: Robert Smalls has earned has not been equaled even to the Adopted before the Declaration of more attention than most of South present time,” wrote Billingsley in the Independence. Set up a new system Carolina’s Reconstruction leaders. A summary of his book. “The struggle of government, including a General school in Beaufort, a U.S. Army ship, he led in the 1895 Constitutional Assembly, with state president and vice and a section of a U.S. Navy training Convention is at least on a par with president selected by legislators. facility have been named in his honor. the struggle for voting rights in the The new National Museum of African civil rights era of the 1960s.” Constitution of 1778: American History and Cul ture in Considering where he came Created state Senate. Governor and Washington, D.C., features a statue from, Smalls’ accomplishments were lieutenant governor replaced president of Robert Smalls that greets visitors astounding. He was born into slavery, and vice president. entering the area entitled “Defending the son of a house servant of wealthy Constitution of 1790: Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Beaufort resident Henry McKee. At First document created by an elected Segregation 1876-1968.” age 12, Smalls was taken to Charleston convention, with minor changes in Many believe he deserves more to board with a McKee relative.
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