Liberating the Imago Dei: an Examination of Jewish and Christian Feminist Biblical Anthropology
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Luther Seminary Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary Doctor of Philosophy Theses Student Theses 5-20-2018 Liberating the Imago Dei: An Examination of Jewish and Christian Feminist Biblical Anthropology Carissa S. Wyant Luther Seminary Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/phd_theses Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Jewish Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wyant, Carissa S., "Liberating the Imago Dei: An Examination of Jewish and Christian Feminist Biblical Anthropology" (2018). Doctor of Philosophy Theses. 23. https://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/phd_theses/23 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Philosophy Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. LIBERATING THE IMAGO DEI: AN EXAMINATION OF JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN FEMINIST BIBLICAL ANTHROPOLOGY by CARISSA S. WYANT A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Luther Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 2018 © 2018 by Carissa S. Wyant All rights reserved LUTHER SEMINARY ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA PH.D. THESIS Title of Thesis: Liberating the Imago Dei: An Examination of Jewish and Christian Feminist Biblical Anthropology Author: Carissa S. Wyant Thesis committee: Thesis Adviser Date ABSTRACT Liberating the Imago Dei: An Examination of Jewish and Christian Feminist Biblical Anthropology by Carissa S. Wyant “I am not free while any woman is unfree, even when her shackles are very different from my own.” -Audre Lorde This study provides a comparative analysis of the work of Roman Catholic feminist theologian Elizabeth Johnson and that of Jewish feminist theologian Judith Plaskow, who have both sought to reconstruct the Imago Dei (“image of God”) within their respective traditions. By way of this analysis, it makes a methodological and a substantive contribution. Methodologically, it expands on Elizabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza’s feminist critical approach to reading Scripture by relating it to Francis Clooney’s comparative theological approach to reading texts in religious traditions other than one’s own. Although there have been attempts at comparisons of various religious traditions from a feminist perspective, this study seeks explicitly to attend to a feminist reading of biblical texts in a fashion—following Clooney—that makes the very enactment of a comparative reading of two traditions the mode for attending to the disclosure of truth. Substantively, it expands our understanding of the Imago Dei by setting in constructive dialogue Johnson’s practices for understanding God’s incomprehensibility in her rethinking of God as Sophia (as a corrective to a tradition that emphasizes male-oriented ‘doctrines’) and Plaskow’s practices for understanding God’s immanence in her rethinking of God within the context of relationships (as a corrective to a tradition that emphasizes the interpretation of the ‘law’).” Throughout, the dissertation argues that such ii a feminist and comparative approach contributes to a richer and more robust understanding of the biblical theme of the Imago Dei, one that not only expands our understanding of God but also contributes to a more just and humane vision of humanity. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply appreciative of the support of faculty and students throughout my academic career at Wellesley College, Yale Divinity School and Luther Seminary. I am also deeply appreciative of my advisor Lois Malcolm, and committee members Mary Hess and Amy Marga. My heartfelt gratitude also extends to my mother, Carla Becker-Wyant, and late grandmother, Camille Becker for their loving support and constant love. I also thank my extended family members and friends for their encouragement and care. I dedicate this work to the generations who have come before me, and those who will arise after me. I also wish to acknowledge my constant companion, writing buddy and overall calming influence (most of the time), my beloved Saint Bernard, Cloë. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................7 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................7 Root Experience: Schüssler Fiorenza and the Imagio Dei ....................................9 Francis X. Clooney’s Comparative Method ........................................................12 Jewish and Christian Feminist Dialogue: Johnson and Plaskow .........................17 Goals of the Project .............................................................................................22 2. FEMINIST THEOLOGY AND THE IMAGIO DEI: ELISABETH SCHÜSSLER FIORENZA ........................................................................................................................24 Schüssler Fiorenza’s Theological Method ..........................................................25 Ekkelsia of Wo/men ............................................................................................31 Developing A Critical Feminist Hermeneutics ...................................................34 Defining Sin .........................................................................................................37 Reimaging Religion .............................................................................................38 Rhetorical Acts ....................................................................................................44 Summary ..............................................................................................................47 3. COMPARATIVE THEOLOGY: FRANCIS X. CLOONEY ......................................54 Starting Points .....................................................................................................55 Comparative Methodology ..................................................................................59 Collectio Theology ..............................................................................................60 Tasks of the Comparativist ..................................................................................65 The Benefits of Dialogue .....................................................................................76 4. IMAGE OF GOD IN JUDAISM: JUDITH PLASKOW .............................................82 Critique of Halakah .............................................................................................83 Torah ....................................................................................................................86 Women as Lawmakers ........................................................................................92 God and Israel ......................................................................................................94 Critics and Contemporaries ...............................................................................110 Summary ............................................................................................................120 5. IMAGE OF GOD IN CHRISTIANITY: ELIZABETH JOHNSON .........................124 God Language ...................................................................................................126 v Jesus the Liberator .............................................................................................138 Sophia: God in Female Form ............................................................................141 The Trinity .........................................................................................................141 God/Be-ing ........................................................................................................147 Jesus-Sophia ......................................................................................................149 The Right Way to Speak About God .................................................................151 Summary ............................................................................................................156 6. JOHNSON AND PLASKOW IN CONVERSATION ..............................................161 Theology Across Religions ...............................................................................162 Johnson: A Case For God’s Incomprehensibility ..............................................165 Plaskow: A Case For God’s Immanence ...........................................................175 Plaskow and Johnson: Points of Congruence ....................................................184 Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................187 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.” So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female