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Raising-Darwins-Consciousness.Pdf
RAISING DARWIN'S CONSCIOUSNESS Female Sexuality and the Prehominid Origins of Patriarchy Sarah Blaffer Hrdy University of California, Davis Sociobiologists and feminists agree that men in patriarchal social systems seek to control females, but sociobiologists go further, using Darwin's theory of sexual selection and Trivers's ideas on parental investment to explain why males should attempt to control female sexuality. From this perspective, the stage for the development under some conditions of patriarchal social systems was set over the course of primate evolution. Sexual selection encompasses both competition between males and female choice. But in applying this theory to our "lower origins" (pre- hominid ancestors), Darwin assumed that choices were made by essen- tially "coy" females. I argue here that female solicitation of multiple males (either simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the breeding system) characterized prehominid females; this prehominid legacy of cy- clical sexual assertiveness, itself possibly a female counter-strategy to male efforts to control the timing of female reproduction, generated fur- ther male counter-strategies. This dialectic had important implications for emerging hominid mating systems, human evolution, and the devel- opment of patriarchal arrangements in some human societies. For homi- nid males who will invest in offspring, there would be powerful selection for emotions, behaviors, and customs that ensure them certainty of pater- nity. The sexual modesty that so struck Darwin can be explained as a recent evolved or learned (perhaps both) adaptation in women to avoid penalties imposed by patrilines on daughters and mates who failed to conform to the patriline's prevailing norms for their sex. -
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases
Moa Lidén Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Sal IV, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, 753 10 Uppsala, Uppsala, Friday, 28 September 2018 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Laws. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Steven Penrod (John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University New York). Abstract Lidén, M. 2018. Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases. 284 pp. Uppsala: Department of Law, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2720-6. Confirmation bias is a tendency to selectively search for and emphasize information that is consistent with a preferred hypothesis, whereas opposing information is ignored or downgraded. This thesis examines the role of confirmation bias in criminal cases, primarily focusing on the Swedish legal setting. It also examines possible debiasing techniques. Experimental studies with Swedish police officers, prosecutors and judges (Study I-III) and an archive study of appeals and petitions for new trials (Study IV) were conducted. The results suggest that confirmation bias is at play to varying degrees at different stages of the criminal procedure. Also, the explanations and possible ways to prevent the bias seem to vary for these different stages. In Study I police officers’ more guilt presumptive questions to apprehended than non-apprehended suspects indicate a confirmation bias. This seems primarily driven by cognitive factors and reducing cognitive load is therefore a possible debiasing technique. In Study II prosecutors did not display confirmation bias before but only after the decision to press charges, as they then were less likely to consider additional investigation necessary and suggested more guilt confirming investigation. -
The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
3GC01 06/09/2015 12:40:42 Page 3 Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2015). The theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology. In Buss, D. M. (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Second edition. Volume 1: Foundations. (pp. 3-87). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. CHAPTER 1 The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology JOHN TOOBY and LEDA COSMIDES THE EMERGENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT IS AT STAKE? HE THEORY OF evolution by natural selection has revolutionary implications for understanding the design of the human mind and brain, as Darwin himself was Tthe first to recognize (Darwin, 1859). Indeed, a principled understanding of the network of causation that built the functional architecture of the human species offers the possibility of transforming the study of humanity into a natural science capable of precision and rapid progress. Yet, more than a century and a half after The Origin of Species was published, many of the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences continue to be grounded on assumptions that evolutionarily informed researchers know to be false; the rest have only in the past few decades set to work on the radical reformulations of their disciplines necessary to make them consistent with findings in the evolutionary sciences, information theory, computer science, physics, the neuro- sciences, molecular and cellular biology, genetics, behavioral ecology, hunter-gatherer studies, biological anthropology, primatology, and so on (Pinker, 1997, 2002; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). Evolutionary psychology is the long-forestalled scientific attempt to assemble out of the disjointed, fragmentary, and mutually contradictory human disciplines a single, logically integrated research framework for the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences—a framework that not only incorporates the evolu- tionary sciences and information theory on a full and equal basis, but that systemati- cally works out all the revisions in existing belief and research practice that such a synthesis requires (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). -
Behavioural Sciences, Research Methods
ROUTLEDGE Behavioural Sciences and Research Methods Catalogue 2021 January - June New and Forthcoming Titles www.routledge.com Welcome THE EASY WAY TO ORDER Welcome to the January to June 2021 Behavioural Sciences and Book orders should be addressed to the Research Methods catalogue. Taylor & Francis Customer Services Department at Bookpoint, or the appropriate overseas offices. We welcome your feedback on our publishing programme, so please do not hesitate to get in touch – whether you want to read, write, review, adapt or buy, we want to hear from you, so please visit our website below or please contact your local sales representative for Contacts more information. UK and Rest of World: Bookpoint Ltd www.routledge.com Tel: +44 (0) 1235 400524 Email: [email protected] USA: Taylor & Francis Tel: 800-634-7064 Email: [email protected] Asia: Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific Tel: +65 6508 2888 Email: [email protected] China: Taylor & Francis China Prices are correct at time of going to press and may be subject to change without Tel: +86 10 58452881 notice. Some titles within this catalogue may not be available in your region. Email: [email protected] India: Taylor & Francis India Tel: +91 (0) 11 43155100 eBooks Partnership Opportunities at Email: [email protected] We have over 50,000 eBooks available across the Routledge Humanities, Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, At Routledge we always look for innovative ways to Built Environment, STM and Law, from leading support and collaborate with our readers and the Imprints, including Routledge, Focal Press and organizations they represent. Psychology Press. -
Evolutionary Psychology As a Unifying Framework and Meta-Theory
Part V | Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Ultimate explanations: Evolutionary psychology as a unifying framework and meta-theory The term ‘evolutionary psychology’ (EP) was coined during “lengthy and intensive debates about how to apply evolution to behavior” (Tooby & Cosmides, 2005, p. 15) between Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Don Symons, John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, and David Buss in the 1980s. It is a relatively young and developing way of thinking in psychology that can serve as a meta-theoretical framework, as it builds directly on the foundations of biology. More spe- cifically, EP is based on the only scientific explanation for the complexity of earthly life forms, namely evolution by natural selection. In the scientific community, it is largely ac- knowledged that humans are a product of evolution by natural selection too. We are mammals belonging to the branch of the tree of life called primates and our closest living relatives are the chimpanzees and bonobos, with whom we share a common ancestor that lived some 6 to 7 million years ago. Though such long time spans are beyond our ‘natural’ capacity to comprehend, consider this: the process of evolving from a light-sensitive cell to a human eye can happen in fewer than 400,000 years (Nilsson & Pelger, 1994). Researchers named our species homo sapiens and contemporary researchers have deter- mined our ‘start date’ to be at least 300,000 years ago, based on new homo sapiens findings in Morocco (Hublin et al., 2017). ‘Start date’ is a bit of a misleading term, as there is of course no ‘sudden appearance,’ but a very slow, invisible, and gradual change. -
8 November 2016 Programme
Programme 8 November 2016 BAFTA, London Huxley Summit Agenda 2016 3 Contents Agenda Agenda page 3 08:30 Registration Chapters page 4 09:00 Chapter 1: State of the nation Trust in the 21st Century page 6 Why trust matters page 8 10:30 Coffee and networking Speakers page 12 11:10 Chapter 2: Who do we trust? Partners page 18 12:20 Lunch and networking Attendees page 19 Round table on corporate sponsored research Round table on reasons for failure 13:50 Chapter 3: Who will we trust? 15:20 Coffee and networking 16:00 Chapter 4: Who should we trust? 17:45 Closing remarks 18:00 Drinks reception A film crew and photographer will be present at the Huxley Summit. If you do not wish to be filmed or photographed, please speak to a member of the team at British Science Association. We encourage attendees to use Twitter during the Summit, and we recommend you use the hashtag #HuxleySummit to follow the conversations. 4 Huxley Summit 2016 Chapters 5 Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: State of the nation Who do we trust? Who will we trust? Who should we trust? The global events of 2016 have caused Many sections of business, politics and The public need to be engaged and Trust and good reputations are hard many people to question who they trust. public life have had a crisis of public informed on innovations in science won but easily lost. What drives How is this affecting the role of experts trust in recent years, but who do we trust and technology that are set to have consumers’ decision making and how and institutions? How can leaders from with science? And what can we learn a big impact on their lives and the can we drive trust in our businesses across politics, business, science and from the handling of different areas of world around them. -
Evolutionary Psychology
to appear in: A. Michalos (ed.) (2011): Encyclopedia of Quality of Life Research (Springer, Berlin). EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY Francis Heylighen Evolution, Complexity and Cognition group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Definition Evolutionary psychology (EP) is an approach to the study of the mind that is founded on Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. It assumes that our mental abilities, emotions and preferences are adapted specifically for solving problems of survival and reproduction in humanity’s ancestral environment, and derives testable predictions from this assumption. Description History When Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection as an explanation for the origin of species, he already anticipated that this concept would also help us to understand the mind as a product of biological evolution. He made some first steps towards such “evolutionary psychology” in his later works on human descent and on the expression of emotions. His approach inspired several late 19th century philosophers and psychologists, including William James and James Mark Baldwin. However, in the 20th century, psychology became dominated first by behaviourism, then by cognitive approaches, which saw the mind basically as a blank slate, to be “programmed” by experience. Evolutionary perspectives on mental phenomena were relegated to other disciplines, including ethology (the study of animal behaviour) as investigated by Konrad Lorenz, evolutionary epistemology as founded by Donald T. Campbell, and sociobiology (evolutionary theory of social interactions) proposed by Edward O. Wilson. Building on these developments while adding specifically psychological methodologies for testing hypotheses, evolutionary psychology came back to the fore in the 1990s, under the impulse of researchers such as David Buss, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby (Barkow, Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Wright, 1995; Buss, 2011). -
London Meeting 1999 Programme
1999 - January 4/5 University College London LONDON MEETING 1999 Ascientific meeting will be held at The Department of Psychology, University College London on 4/5 January, 1999. The Local Secretary is Dr Patrick Haggard. PROGRAMME Monday 4 January, 1999 Lower Ground Floor Lecture Theatre 9.00 Mike Burton (University of Glasgow) Face recognition in difficult circumstances. 9.30 Vicki Bruce, Zoe Henderson* and Mike Burton (University of Stirling and University of Glasgow) Verification of unfamiliar face identities from images captured on video. 10.00 Karen Lander* and Vicki Bruce (University of Stirling) The role of movement in the recognition of famous faces. 10.30 Coffee (Third floor common room) 11.00 Michael B. Lewis* and Hadyn D. Ellis (University of Wales, Cardiff) Priming and power curves in face processing. 11.30 K. Langley* and G. Abbonizio*(University College London. Introduced by Dr Patrick Haggard) Motion adaptation is responsible for direction repulsion in transparent plaids. 12.00 Glyn W. Humphreys and Hermann Müller (University of Birmingham and Universität Leipzig) Figure-ground coding modulates feature detection: evidence from search asymmetries. 12.30 Geoff Cole*, Angus Gellatly and Anthony Blurton* (University of Keele) The distribution of spatial attention following the onset of a new object in the visual field. 1.00 Lunch 2.00 Philip T. Smith (University of Reading) A jigsaw puzzle theory of memory. 2.30 Martin A. Conway, Christopher W. Pleydell-Pearce and James T. Becker* (University of Bristol, Burden Neurological Institute and University of Pittsburgh) The neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory. 3.00 R. E. O'Carroll*, E. Drysdale*, L. -
Psychology of Paranormal Belief.Indd 7 2/6/09 15:44:55 Viii the Psychology of Paranormal Belief
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Edinburgh Research Explorer Edinburgh Research Explorer Foreword to Citation for published version: Watt, C & Wiseman, R 2009, Foreword to. in HJ Irwin (ed.), The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Reseracher's Handbook. University of Hertfordshire Press, pp. 7. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Reseracher's Handbook Publisher Rights Statement: © Watt, C., & Wiseman, R. (2009). Foreword to. In H. J. Irwin (Ed.), The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Reseracher's Handbook. (pp. 7). University of Hertfordshire Press. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Apr. 2019 Foreword Dr Caroline Watt, Koestler Parapsychology Unit, University of Edinburgh Professor Richard Wiseman, Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire he term ‘paranormal belief’ tends to be carelessly used as if it were referring to a Tmonolithic belief in phenomena for which science has no explanation. -
Book Problem-Solving Now
book Problem-solving now Problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, for finding solutions to problems. Some of the problem-solving techniques developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, mathematics, or medicine are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in psychology. == Definition == The term problem-solving is used in many disciplines, sometimes with different perspectives, and often with different terminologies. For instance, it is a mental process in psychology and a computerized process in computer science. Problems can also be classified into two different types (ill-defined and well-defined) from which appropriate solutions are to be made. Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems. Being able to solve problems sometimes involves dealing with pragmatics (logic) and semantics (interpretation of the problem). The ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied represent the key to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires some abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution. === Psychology === In psychology, problem solving refers to a state of desire for reaching a definite 'goal' from a present condition that either is not directly moving toward the goal, is far from it, or needs more complex logic for finding a missing description of conditions or steps toward the goal. In psychology, problem solving is the concluding part of a larger process that also includes problem finding and problem shaping. -
Justin Garson: Evolution and Psychology (Ch.3 of the Biological
The Biological Mind A Philosophical Introduction Justin Garson First published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Justin Garson The right of Justin Garson to be identif ed as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identif cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested ISBN13: 978-0-415-81027-2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-81028-9 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-1-315-77187-8 (ebk) Typeset in Franklin Gothic by Saxon Graphics Ltd., Derby 3 Evolution and psychology In the last chapter I speculated that altruism evolved initially to help us be better parents. This conjecture, however – “altruism evolved in order to do such-and-such” – prompts a more fundamental question. -
Richard Wiseman at Hampton Court
Hampton Court Investigation 1 Published in Journal of Parapsychology, 66(4), 387-408. An investigation into the alleged haunting of Hampton Court Palace: Psychological variables and magnetic fields Dr Richard Wiseman University of Hertfordshire Dr Caroline Watt University of Edinburgh Emma Greening University of Hertfordshire Dr Paul Stevens University of Edinburgh Ciaran O'Keeffe University of Hertfordshire Abstract Hampton Court Palace is reputed to be one of the most haunted places in England, with both staff and visitors reporting unusual phenomena in many areas of the building. Our investigation aimed to discover the extent to which these reports were related to three variables often proposed to account for alleged hauntings, namely, belief in ghosts, suggestion and magnetic fields. Over 600 members of the public took part in the experiment. Participants completed Likert-type questionnaires measuring their belief in ghosts, the unusual phenomena they had experienced in the past and whether they thought these phenomena were due to ghosts. Participants who believed in ghosts reported significantly more unusual phenomena than disbelievers, and were significantly more likely to attribute the phenomena to ghosts. Participants then walked around an allegedly haunted area of the Palace and provided reports about unusual phenomena they experienced. Believers reported significantly more anomalous experiences than disbelievers, and were significantly more likely to indicate that these had been due to a ghost. Prior to visiting the locations, half of the participants were told that the area was associated with a recent increase in unusual phenomena, whilst the others were told the opposite. In line with previous work on the psychology of paranormal belief, the number of unusual experiences reported by participants showed a significant interaction between belief in ghosts and these suggestions.