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SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS

Number 52 November, 1994 $7.00

Chinese Systems: IPA

by Warren A. Shibles

Order hrn Dq~artmentof Asian and Middle Eastern Studies University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19 104-6305 USA

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______IPA TRANSLITERATION OF CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

The following attempt toward providing a standard IPA phonetic chart for . The phonetic literature on Chinese is in a state of crisis. There are over fifty romanization systems for Chinese none of which is phonetic. Romanization-English dictionaries are. practically speaking. unavailable. One wishing to learn Chinese is left without being able to know how the words read are to be pronounced. This paper is an attempt to remedy this problem by giving the IPA for each of the words in Mandarin. An IPA is also provided for each of the major . which may also be translated into all of the others. All of the reasonably available IPA transcriptions have been given. including the actual (Reulphonetik)of the author. This provides a comprehensive comparative phonetic analysis. This complete phonetic dictionary is also intended to serve as a guide for teaching. acquisition. and research. It is to be revised and corrected for greater accuracy and expanded to include the range of acceptable pronunciations and dialects. CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION

I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROMANIZATION HOAX The first part of this presentation deals with the problem of romanization, the second part with intonation, the third gives a nearly complete chart rendering of each system of romanization into the International Phonetic (IPA). In one sense this first part may be entitled, The Grear Chinese Romanization Hoar. have been rendered phonetically into the of Western languages and this is referred to as romani;ation. Presumably, this helps one to pronounce Chinese. The case is that none of them is correct, and they do not help much with pronunciation. Some romanizations were also intended to replace the Chinese character as the basis of the written language. In the first place. there are different romanizations. Legeza (1968, 1969) gives fifty different romanizations. Because of this we do not know which pronunciation is the correct one. A third volume of romanizations was announced, but it never appeared. Consider the Wade ()(1867) romanization, ts'. It is rendered by different romanizations as: ce, ts'u, tsh&.ts', cche, ts'. c' 0; tg; tse, tso, etc. The Wade or Wade-Giles system is based on Wade (1867) and modified by Giles in (1892. cf. 1912). The latter version is now used. The revised version is referred to as Wade or Wade-Giles. A simplified Wade system was created by Anderson (1970) which gives a different spelling for each tone. In addition, there are countless popular folk or pseudo-phonetic renderings, such as exemplifying u.11 by American pronunciation (AP) sure. Fan (1988) gives (AP) she for 161. andjeep for [~].Goldenthal(1978). has developed another romanization, according to which. for example. ' (W) becomes chee. Instead of using IPA symbols Kershul(1987) reduces an unphonetic romanization to a self-styled unphonetic symbolism used nowhere else. Thus, the language learner is unable to know how to pronounce any Chinese word. The following chart illustrates how she could have given the IPA equivalent of the Pinyin. Only the IPA symbols admit of one sound for each letter. Thus. Pinyin and Kershul' symbols could be pronounced in a great number of ways. in effect giving no reliable phonetic information. Pinyin Kershul IPA-S cha chah tJa, tsa chi chr tl-~ he huh hY hou hoh xou qing cheeng t~~~ xi sseen Gm Ye yeh p YU Yew jy yun yoon jyn jung d3ur~ zi zuh dzm Romanizations, like other . do not represent places of articulation or individual sounds. For example, s and o may represent wide ranges of sounds. Confusion also arises because one romanization must be translated into another for intelligibility. Yee (1975) produced a text to teach and drill students in the transliteration of one system of romanizations into another. It compares Yale. Pinyin and Wade-Giles. With Fenn's (1955) The Five Thousand Dictionuv. Wade romanizations lead directly to meanings and Chinese characters. Hillier's (1945) dictionary gives the Wade-Giles rendering and the Chinese character. To use the Pinyin Chinese- English Dicrionay (1979)would require Pinyin romanization to be translated into the Wade system. A Pinyin-English or Pinyin- is hardly, if ever. to be found. In addition to the romanizations in Legeza. there is provided by Anderson ( 1970) a concordance to five systems of transcription. and drill books. developed to learn to translate one system to another. for example, Wade Pinyin > Yale > GR. GR is the System. the National Language Romanization adopted in 1928 by the Chinese government as a standard of pronunciation for both Chinese and non- Chinese. It is now replaced by Pinyin (cf. Pinyin 1979). (1957)uses GR which is made even more complex than other romanizations because different letters are given to be learned for each tone or ending. For example, Wade ai is given in GR in the four tones as: Tone 1. ai, 2. air. 3. ae. 4. ay. Thus. a different spelling must be memorized for each tone. Anderson (1970) gives a Silnplified Wade which, for example. gives for the above ai : 1. ai. 2. aiv. 3. aix, 4. aiz. About this system, Newnham (197 1 54) wrote, Chinese find GR quire baffling.. ..One British firm in Hung Kong planned to send its private cables in GR as a safeguard against industrial espionage, on grounds that no Chinese would be able to intercept and read them. The most prevalent romanizations in dictionaries and texts are Wade, Pinyin and Yale. Only Bruce. Edwards and Chun (1930)(IPA-B) give a full course using the (IPA) which is regarded as the main phonetic system of all of the romanizations. Brief tables are also provided showing the IPA transliteration of the Wade system. One reason for this may be because the famous phoneticist, Daniel Jones. was a member of the phonetics adoption committee (cf. Jones & Woo 1912). Legeza (1968: 14) includes the IPA phonetics equivalents of romanizations. but states that it is only included to enable non-specialisrs to establish the phonetic vulue of .yZlables. He thereby undermines the only truly phonetic system of the fifty he presents. In regard to place names. the Supplement to the People's Rep~tblicof China. Pinvin to Wade-Giles. Wade-Giles to Pinvin (1988)gives Pinyin and Wade. and the Zhongguo Diminglu (1983)gives 32.000 place names in Pinyin. For example: From Pinyin to Wade-Giles are: Xinchi > Hsin-ch'ih. Xindian > Hsin-tien, Qiangji > Ch'iang-chi. The Chinese character itself has a phonetic component which is of use only if one already knours the sound in question. It is neither reliable. nor a standard international phonetic system. and does not represent points of articulation. In addition, there are countless dialects using different pronunciations. Newnham ( 1971:39) states that does not give the tone and the phonetic can at best only hinr at the basic sound irself. Also. ninety different characters may have the same pronunciation. A special national Chinese character phonetic alphabet system. -yin tzc-mu, has been developed. These are placed usually on the top right of the regular Chinese character to indicate pronunciation (Choy 1990. Legeza 1%8. utang 1972). In summary. over fifty different romanizations have been developed none of which is genuinely phonetic. Bourgerie (19923234235) in a review of a work on particles states, My main complaints with 's book are. ..he uses rhe Yale romaniration.for Cantonese.. ..[PA wo~ildprobably be more appropriate.. ..The transcript ions are given without explumtion. Dictionaries and texts use different romanizations resulting in mutual unintelligibility or requiring special concordances and . The consequence is that from the phonetic perspective. Chinese romanization is one of the greatest hoaxes in the field of phonetics. With no other language have linguists produced so many systems which are so devoid of phonetic value. It is clear that the International Phonetic Alphabet is needed if Chinese is to be properly represented phonetically. However, because romanization is still used I have provided a key chart by means of which one may transcribe from one romanization to another and. most importantly to the IPA system itself. It will be seen that there are some different versions of IPA given. indicating that more careful transcription is needed even with the best phonetic system available. The major romanizations are given here for transliteration. German romanization. though not a major one. is provided for contrast. French and Russian may be found in Legeza (1968-9). For simplification. the different spellings for the four tones in GR are not included. Before presenting the analysis a brief clarification of intonation is given.

11. INTONATION Intonation is notoriousl~~'difficult' to transcribe. i.e.. it is hard to reach agreement even among experienced transcribers. (Thorson: 106) Mandarin is generally considered to have four tones intoned roughly as the following symbols suggest: Tone 1. - even. 2. r rising, 3.- falling-rising, 4.1 falling. These tones are phonemic. The same basic sound. . means something different in each tone. In addition, the neutral tone. which is not identified by a tone symbol. is chameleon-like taking on different or no tones. These symbols are used with transcription to indicate tones except for the romanizations of GR and Simplified Wade (Anderson 1970) which give different spellings for each tone. e.., (GR) Tone-1. fa. 2. far. 3. faa. 4. fah. IPA-S (Author's IPA transcription) uses the following intonation: = low-high. [ ^] =231. ['I =323. Bold 1-12 = low to high tones (not used here). According to this system. the above four tones would be rendered as: Tone 1. 131. tone 2 [33]. tone 3 [3s].tone 4 [32]. The numbers represent the direction of intonation. However. they give additional information regarding pitch. Tone 1. may be any number [ I-51to indicate its relative height. The usual tone system does not indicate pitch. In addition. stress (fortis-lenis, volume), duration and sound quality may be shown by traditional or description, such as voiced- unvoiced. length symbols, or stress marks. Hockett (1947:256), who gives six tones for Peiping. defines tones as contrasting contours of pitch, volume. glottali:ation, and length. In Annamese. the tone may also have the qualities, breathy [ .,I. or creaky [ - 1. e.g.. [@3] (PIPA 198441). Sometimes the superscripts refer to pitch and/or stress. Standard size numbers often in brackets are used to indicate dictionary given tones (bold superscripts could also be used for this purpose). Example: (Wade romani zation. see other symbols and abbreviations below) fan = (IPA-L) [fan], (IPA-S) [&@](4). Here (4) is dictionary given tone. There is tone sandhi and tones are taken on by neutral tones. so that the dictionary tone is not an adequate guide to the way in which syllables are intoned. In addition, there are individual variations and ranges of acceptable pronunciation. The superscript system is used to show the actual pronunciation, thus. in the case of fan above. the official tone is (4). but the intonation is 13,. Tone 2 and tone 1 are often level in Mandarin. Actual pronunciation (Realphonerik ) does not follow the neat patterns of the official four tones. Adherence to them results in exaggeration or the wrong pitch. tone direction. or stress. Goldenthal (1978:87) similarly observed that the Chinese have a tendency ro 'underemnphasi:e' most tones, and give strong emphasis to key..words. The loss of tone Hockett (1947:257) describes in terms of the oxymoron. quiet stress. The official tone of Chu is lfuZ4], but may instead be pronounced [jd].Also. the common assertion that all unstressed syllables are toneless. cannot be followed. It would be incorrect to give r or I. usually. Another reason for using superscripts is that they can be used for every other language as well. In some respects. each language may be considered as a tone language. For example. Ladefoged (1971) showed that English has five tones for the word. yes. In summary, it is not clear what tone is to include: pitch, stress. sound change, quality, etc. The literature defines it in diverse ways. The official dictionary definitions and all-statements about tones often differ from transcriptions of the actual spoken language. This is one reason for the emphasis placed here on the case method of presenting an extensive list of the transcribed sounds of the individual words. IV. CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION

Symbols of IPA phonetic sources are: (B) Bruce, Edwards & Chun 1930 (HS) Huang & Stimson 1976 (C) 1973 (HU) Huang 1%9 (CA) Canepari 1983 (L) Legeza 1%8 () Bollard 1993 (LT) Li & Thompson 1981 (DU) Duden 199099-102. DU = Ital. in (R) Riidenberg 1963 "Other" column. (S) S hibles (author) (GR) Gwoyeu Romatzyh (Simon 1964) (W) Wade-Giles romanization

Wade IPA-B IPA-L IPA-S Pinyin Yale GR Ger. (R) 0th~DU= Italic a a a a a a a a a mu), a ai a1 ai ai ai ai ai ai a,. an an an an an an an an an "18 aq aq aq ang ang ang ang arl) ao QO ao ao ao au au au au (HU).ap cha d3a Za d3a zha ja a dscha $a: (CA),d'a ch'a tJha @'a t/tra cha cha cha tscha [sa(HS),qa chai zhai dschai g3ai qai g3ai jai j ai 93 (HS). d3gi chhi chai chai chai tschai tJhar ~'ai t/tJai t-h/tlJai,tJain than d3an zan d3aii zhan jan jan dschan d13ai5 (HU) &'an tran &'an tsan chan chan chan tschan [Jan chang d3ar-j dqaq d3aj jang jang dschang d3aq@). dzag ch'ang tsq '~ tsa0 chang chang chang tschang tc+aq (HU) chao d3ao zao d3au jau jau dschau ~SQU,d3ag ch'ao tsao tI/gau chao chau chau tschau ts = t~, the d3~ ZF d3~6 je j e dscho d30a. d3~ ch'e t,h t5"d tp che che che ts~,d3a (D) dpn qn d3en zhen jen jen dschen dpn,dpn ch'h tt@an @'an t/t,[en chen chen tschen tJan, ch&% dscheng d3~r~ZA~ $!34 jeng jeng &all (D) ch' cheng cheng cheng tscheng tbq t~'hq tj-4 tfq chi 5I dai dzi J1 J1 J1 dji d3i (D), dzi ch'i chi t6' i tci qi chi chi tji tG'i (C), @i chia fia dgia d3lzi.a jia jya jia djia ja (S). dzia ~h'ia chia tc' ia &.a qia chya chia tjia @a chiang PiclIJ jiang jyang jiang djiang dziaq dniaq d3i;q, mr~n ch'iang chiaq qiang chyng chiang tjiang tciarj tGag [siarlrn . chiao Siao d&ii ~~DO/U jiao jyau jiau djiau daiau (HU) ch'iao chiao t6'iao tci.afi qiao chyau chiau tjiau tqia u chieh Pic dzic dzi.2 jie jye jie djia d@c ch'ieh chi& tc' t~i.& qie chye chie tj ia t~ic chien jian jian djian in d$ien d~i-cii j~an dzicnn ch'ien chien t6'ien t~i.en qian chyan chian tjian &hie (CA) C t chih zhi j r JY dsck dyn Z[J) d3~ d~j(HU). d3i ch'ih tb ts ' (I) t1.1'/~' chi chr ch~ tscbi ~=~,t$,tjj chin jrn dzin dzin jin jin j in djin dz~n ch'in chrn t$in &~n qin chin chin tjin @In ching B~ d?ir~ da~rj j ing j ing j ing djins ~IIJ(cA), ~ZIIZ ch'ing chIrJ ts'iq tar3 qing ching ching tjing tGIg chi0 jio jio djiau ch'io chlo chio tjiau chiu jiu d;r,iu dai.u jiu jyou jiou djiu dziou (HU) ch'iu chiu t~'iu @~.u/o qiu chyou chiou tjiu tdo,~ chiung jiUq dziuq dzi.uq jiong jyung jiong djiung dzyuq () ch'iuna chyung chiong tjiung chiuq ts' iuq ~~UIJ qiong tciuqn. tho zhuo dscho d33 ZU~ d3Ci.5 jwo j uo d3p ch'o chuo chwo chuo tscho ts3 t~'u3 tJu.3 th3n thou d~chou d30u ??U d3333: jou jou d30(D), d3oy ch' chou chou chou tschou tjhou t8'3.l t]'~: tbun chu d3u zy d3u: zhu ju ju dschu gu (),d3u ch'u chu chu chu tschu thu Q'U tru: ~JU chm zhua jwa jua dschua d3a z,p d3u.a t/uan ch'ua chua chwa chua tschua t[ua ~'ua t[u.a d3uan chuai zhuai Jwai j uai dschuai d3uai quai d3u.ai d3uain fi ch'uai chuai chwai chuai tschuai tsuai ~'uai t[u.ai l~~~iA ~huan d3uan quan @u.an zhuan jwan Juan dschuan d3pan ch'uan chum chwan chuan tschuan thuan t8'uan tSu.an t/uann chuang d3ua1~ quarJ $3~.3191~ jwang juang &uang 3u:arJ (D) ch'uan tbuaq ~'uaqt~u.a&-j chuang chwang chuang ~~angqpag chui zhui jwei juei dschui d3ui qui d3u.i: d3uei- n ch'ui chui chwei chuei tschui thui ~'ui t1u.i: thejr\ n chun zhun jwun juen dschun d3un q- d3u:1~D d3pn chun chwun chuen tschun ch'un irUn Q'~~ew~fi Quen (HU) T chung d31.q ZUY d3ug zhong jung jong dschung d3uq (D) ch'ung chong tschung trq Q'U~ tJ‘q chong chung tJ,7~g chuo d3~3 juo dscho d3g3 ch'uo chuo tscho tfu3 tru3 n - 3 chu jY dzy day ju JYU jiu djii y = yi. dzy ch'ii ~hy t6' y @~/y 9U chyu chiu tjii @by (CAI @y chum fyan &yan dau.&/an juan jywan jiuan djiian dzyen (HU) ch'iian chyan tc'yan tcy&/an quan chywan chiuan tji3a.n tcycn chueh ~ya dgy& day.& jue jywe jiue djiau dzyE ch'iieh chywe chiue chya ts'ye GU~ Clue tjiiii t~y& chun jyn dgyn dayn jun jyun jiun djun dz~n ch'iin chyn ts'yn tcyn qun chyun chiun tjiin t~yn 8 Y aca e e e o A en an en en en en en an (HU).mn eng eng eng eng 6rh er er el iirl A.I AJ Gy,? J tQs(LT). AI- fa fa fa fafa fa fa fa fa fa fan fan fan fan fan fan fan fqn fan, fan fang faq fag fagb fang fang fang fang fan (m).faq fei fex fei fei fei fei fei fe fq1 (CA), fqi fgn fan fan fin fen fen fen fen fan f2ng feng feng feng feng fArJ f~q f~g' fq (D). fq fo f3 f3 fg,fw3 f" fwo fo fo fo fou bu f3u fo fou fou fou fou fop fu fu fu fu. fu fu fu fu fu fu: (D). h ha xa xa ha ha ha ha ha (HS), xa hai xar xai x/hai hai hai hai hai h = x/h. xaj xan xan ha/~n han han han h = xh,xan hang xaq xaq hq hang hang hang hang xag hao XQO xao hao hao hau hau hau xap hEi xe~ xei hei hei hei hei he hen xan xan hh/&/mD hen hen hen hen han heng heng heng heng heng mq xliq h~r~ XC~ ho= he xn XA h7/. he he he he F&ho. XA hou hou hou hou hou X~U X~U XO" XO~ hsi 61 6i xi syi shi hsi ri (D). 6i hsia sia cja,@a xis SYa shia hsia str.6, sia (D) hsiang xiang shiang hsiang Giaq ciag Gja/&q1 syang Ji;'aq. G-aqn. hsiao xi ao syau shiau hsiau dao ciao siau/o ~jg~,sjau CI hsieh xie Gie sic &J&, sjl SYe shie hsia ~i& hien sien cien 6i. xian syan shian hsian li:an, gjen hsin shin hsin 61n cin G~/I/! n syin Sin. gm hsing hsing c=?I 6iq 6 11 1. sying GIr3 (CAI, cq hsiu xi u syou shiou hsiu ~iu ciu 6iu: 6ioun n xiong shiong hsiung hsiung ciuq Cyq ~1 IJ syung G~yq/3(c) XU shiu hsu hsii (2y Cy : SYU ~06~rn hsuan Gyan Gue/an xuan sywan shiuan hsuan ~pn hsiieh xue sywe shiue hsiau 6~3 GY& cue : cyc hsiin xun sywun shiun hsiin cyn Gyn GyT1 Gym ((-A), gm hu XU XU hu hu hu hu hu XU hua xua xua hwG1 hua hwa hua hua xua (C). xga huai xuai xuai hwai huai hwai huai huai xpi huan huan hwan huan huan xuan xuan hwan xuanF, huang huang hwang huang huang Q, xuq xuaq hwcu~ xua xuaqn. hui xuer xui x/h/kwe hi hwei huei hui x ye- h*n xun xun hwun hun hwun huen hun xpn hung hung hong hung XU~ XUI) hug XUq hue xu3 xu3 hw3 huo hwo huo huo hu3 0.~~3 .. i i 1 JI JI:, l(:)l Y i Y i 1 (LT), F * jan an an lae en, lag ran ran ran jan Z.qm (a), - rang rang rang jaw JCUJ ~arj a .I jang raq jao JQO .I~O ~lao rao rau rau jau rau jgn mn -ran ~le*hn ren ren ren jen zg, "(CA).rn reng reng reng jEng JA~ .IA~ rlnq jeng mq jih A ri r '.I '.I (1) ,J, JY r~' 31 n' j 2 M .IY nr- re re re j e m TUO TWO mu jo m3 ~liia/3 j0 Fmjo,je,q3 F. *. jou J~U 13U .IO/J~* rou mu rou jou do:, TO@ * * ju IU JU t~,du IU r~ N ju P, TU Qua) .ma .ma .ma rua rwa ma jua p ban luan man liian ruan wan ruan juan rpan mi rwei ruei jui mi mi .IU? jui qej jun .I-UJI .~u.n diln run rwun ruen jun %an rong rong juns JU~.n.lrl JUO/O rung jung TUf7 0 0 ka qa ga ga doa ga ga qa k'a kha k'a kha ka ka ka ka ka 0 kai gal fiai g ai gai gai gai gai gaj k'ai khar k'ai khai kai kai kai kai kaj 0 0 kan gan gan qan gan gan gan gan gan k'an khan k'an khan kan kan kan kan kan o kang SCUJ gaq ga'J gang gang gang gang gag I leng 1 leng I leng ] leng li li li li li li li li li (D). fi lia lia lia 1i.a lia lya lia lia lia liang liang liang liang liaq liaq li.arj lyang liar]n. liao lyau liau liau liao liao liao 1i.a~ &a _U lieh lie lie li .a& lie lye lie lia lie lien lien lien 1i.m lian lyan lian liiin lkn lin h lin 11n lin lin lin lin lin (D), ~II ling ling ling ling ling 11q liq 11j 11q (CA), II~J lio lie lio l iia li u liu liu 1i.u liu lyou liou liu EQU (CA) lo 13 luo 9,1.3 lu0 Iwo luo lo lp lou lou l3u lo: lou lou lou lou 109 1 u lu lu lu 1u lu 1u 1u lu Jan luan luan luan luan lwan luan luan &an lun l~n 1l.m lun lun lwun luen lun lgm liin l~n lyn 1y n~ liin lywun liun liin 1vn lung lq lug 1U/UIJ long lung long lung lug 1ii 1y 1y l-j~,1~: 1ii ~YU liu lu lii (HU). ly liian lyan lyan 1y.m liian lywan liuan liian Iycn liieh lya lye lye liie lywe liue liia lye ma ma ma mii ma ma ma ma ma (HU), ma mai ma1 mai mai mai mai mai mai ma$ (CA) man man man mae/iin ma" man man man man mag mar^ rnarJ/3 mang mang mang mang marl mao mao mao mao mao mau mau mau mao (CA).mau mei me1 mei mei mei mei mei me mqi men man men mimen men men men man (D) mEng mq m~rj mj meng meng meng meng mag mi mi mi mi : mi mi mi mi lll~. miao miao miao mi.au miao myao rniau miau mjau mieh mi^ mi& mi:.& mie mYe mie mia mi& mien mien mien mi:.en mian myan mian mian mjen rnin ~~l~llmin mi :n rnin min min min ~NII ming m~q miq mi g/q ming ming ming ming miq (D), miu miu miu rni.u: miu myou miou miu mjop mo m3 m3 m"3 mo mwo mo mo m3 rnou mou rnou rnoU mou mou mo mou ~OY mu mu mu mu mu mu mu mu mu na na na na na na na na na (HU),na nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan (D), nan nang naq naq nag nang nang nang nang naq nao na0 na0 nau nao nau nau nao nau nei ne~ nei nei nei nei nei ne n qi nEn nan nan n&n nen nen nen nen nan neng neng neng neng neng llrzlJ Mrj n.AIJ naq ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni niang niang nyang niang niang niaq niaq niaq niarJn niao niao niao niau niao nyao niau niau Gag .. nieh ,ic nie ni.& nie nYe nie ma qk nyan nian niih nien nien nien nicn ni an ~~ji~n nin nin nin nim nin nin nin ni n ~IZ ning niq nr/iq ning ning ning ning niq (D). nrg nio nio (Not in QLIOor Fenn) ni o ni o ni u niu niu nju, nio *iu nyou niou ni u gi~~ no n3 nu3 noa nuo, no nwo nuo no ny3 nou nou n3u no nou nou nou nou nou nu nu, nu nu nu nu nu nu nu nuan nu/iian nuan nEn nuan nwan nuan nuan nuan nun nun nun nrln nun nwun nuen nen npn nuq nu9 nu9 nong nung nong nung nuq nii, niu niu ny ny nii ny" ni u n ii Ry niieh nya ny& ny.& niie nywe niueh niia njk o. (2) oa, Y ole e o o A OU OU 3U 0 OU OU OU OU ou (HU). o_u Pa ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba (HU). ba 9 p'a pha p a pha pa pa pa pa pa (HU), pa pai lpi bai bai bai bai bai bd p'ai phar p' ai $ai ~ai ~ai pai pai pa_i Pan ban ban b~n ban ban ban ban ban p'an phan p 7 an pllae/an Fan pan Pan pan pan Pang bag baq ba/ar~ bang bang bang paq (CA), bag 9 ~'ang phq p aq ptlaq pang pang pang pang paq Pa0 bao bao bau bao bau bau bau ba u p'ao phao p 7 ao phau Pa0 Pau P~U pau pau bei bei bei be pi kr &i p-h/bein be (D). bg p'ei phe~ p'ei phe ~ei ~ei ~ei Pe pqi pen lpn ban hen ben ben ben ben pgbn (CA) p'Cn phan p q an pI1en Pen Pen Pen pen phe n (CAI b~q b~q b~q beng beng beng beng h31.j shan $an 8/Jzn shan shan shan schan Jan (D), Ian shang shang shang schang shang Fag $/Jag lserl(D), J~ shao shao shau shau schau rao 8/rau1 J~~n she scho she A $/. -%- she she f~ shei $ei $/.pei sl~ei "sei shei sche J~J- sh2n [an pn $/-'en shen shen shen schen pnw,Jan sheng sheng sheng scheng $4 F/JV~ sYq(2)(~) shih shi shr shy schi SJ J 11. JJ, , J.E $(J) (CAL si shou ou shou shou shou schou F3U J-0 rolln shu shu shu shu schu u &U Ju $U (CA), JU shua [ua sua [wa shua shwa shua schua fya shuai Juai suai swai shuai shwai shuai schuai - /uain n shuan Juan suan w~n shuan shwan shuan schuan Juann shuang shuang shwang shuang schuang [Uq Fuaq waq ruaqn. shui Sui/er *-wi shui shwei shuei schui $ui - iyei shun un Fun wun shun shwun shuen schun Jyan shuo w3 shuo shwo shuo schuo SU~ pu3 pU3n SO S3 SU3 SU.3 SUO SU' 0 SUO SO SF3 SOU SOU S3U SO SOU SOU SOU SOU sou (CA). sog ssfi,szu' sw sLU si SY si si (HU). si SU SU SU SU SU SU su su su (D). su Suan suan suan suaen suan swan suan suan syan sui sue1 sui swi sui swei suei sui sfigr (CA) sun sun sun SWU~ sun sblun suen sun suan sung song sung song sung suq SUq SUq SUq ta da da da da da da da da t'a tha t'a -h/ha ta ta ta ta ta tai dai dai dai dai @I Mi dai d@ t'ai thar t'ai t"ai tai tai tai tai ra,i tan dan clan dan dan dan Qan dan &/ant t'an than t'an tan tan tan tan tan &nT tms daq daq daq dang dang dang dang darl t'ang thq t'aq tllaq tang tang tang tang tar3 (D), tag tao dao dao d/dau dao dau dau dao dag t'ao thao t ' ao tilau tao tau tau tau tag ti? d~ @ dua de de de do d~.dn tqE thy t'u thy" te te te to thy (CA), tei de~ dei dei dei dei dei de dgi t'ei t' ei tei tei tei tei te tqi ten dan den den den den den dan tEng deng deng deng deng CL\~n &IJ d~q dar~ t'&ng thh~~t'q hq teng teng teng teng faTl ti di di di di - $ @ @ ti (CA), di t'i thi t'i ti ti ti ti ti ti (HU), ti ti ao diao diao diau diao dyau diau diau djap t'iao thao t'iao tjao tiao tYau tiau tiau ~iag ti eh die di e dia die $E di.e dye a& t'ieh thi& t'ie ti.& tie ye tie tia tie (HU). [ie tien dicn $en di.cn dian dyan dian dia @n t'ien thien t'ien tjen tian Van tian ti& tien ting d~q diq d~l~ ding ding ding ding drr~ ting ting ting Cing t'ing thiq t' ir~ tIrJ fn7 tiu diu diu di.u di u dyou diou diu djog to d3 du3 dw3, du3 duo dwo duo do du:, t'o th3 t'u3 tu3 tuo two tuo to hy tou d3u d3u do dou dou dou dou ~YU(C). dog t'ou thou t3u to tou tou tou tou tog tsa dza dza dza za dza tza dsa dza ts'a tsha ts'a ts/tsa ca tsa tsa tsa tsa tsai dzar dzai dziii zai dzai tzai dsai d@ ts'ai tshar ts'ai tsal cai tsai tsai tsai tlai (D). tsaj tsan dzan dzan dzan zan dzan tzan dsan dzan (HU) ts'an tshan ts 'an tsan can tsan tsan tsan tsan (HU) tsang dzaq zang dzang tzang dsang dzaq I- d~q&aq ts'ang tshaq ts'aq tsaq cang tsang tsang tsang tsao dzao dzao d@ii zao dzau tzau dsau d3au (D) ts'ao tshao ts'ao tsad tsau tsau tsau tsa ,U ze dze tze dso ts6 @Y ~ZX dz~ dz/i ts' e tsh~ ~S'Y ts~r ce tse tse tso ~SY/A(cA). ~SA tsei dze~ dzei dzei zei dzei t zei dse dze_i ts'ei ts'ei tsei cei tsei tsei tse tsq. tssn dzan dzen zen dzen tzen dsen dwn ts'h tshan ts'an tsen cen tsen tsen tsen t~an tsgng dull d~rj dznrl zeng dzeng tzeng dseng dmq ts'gng tshq ts'Arl tsW ceng tseng tseng tseng tsq tso dz3 dzu3 dzu.3/1) ZUo dzwo dzuo dso dzu (D). dq3 ts'o tsh3 ts'u3 tSu.3 cuo tswo tsuo tso tsp tso" dzou dz3u dzo: ZOU dzou tzou dsou dzop ts'ou tshou ts93u tso: cou tsou tsou tsou tsog tsu d dzu dzu zu dzu tzu dsu dzu ts 'u cu tsu t su t su t.-hu ~S'U ~SU omit t. tsu tsuan ZUa" dzwan tZuan dsuan &wan dzuann dzuann dzuan n r, ts'uan cuan tswan tsuan tsuan tshuan ts'uan tswan t~uann tsui dzuer dzui dzwi zui dzwei tzuei dsui (t)sui (D) ts'ui tshue~ ts'ui tsui cui tswei tsuei tsui tspq ZUn dzwun tzuen dsun dzun dzun dzwun dzmnn b'un tshun ts'un tswun cun tswun tsuen tsun ts pn tsung zong dzung tzong dsung bqn. d~~r)dzmj hq ts'ung tshuq ts'q ~sJu~ cong tsung -tsong tsung fiuq tu du du du du du du du du t'u th3 t'u thu tu tu tu tu hl tuan duan dwan duan duan duan duan du.an &ann t'uan thuan t'uan tllu.an tuan twan tuan turn @an tui due1 dui dwlui dui dwei duei dui tue i 0.dpei t'ui thuex t'ui twi tui twei tuei tui ty ei tun dun dun d~ndun dwn duen dun tuan (LT) t'un thun t'un ttien tun twun tuen tun hpn tunP dur) dug dr~rJ dong dung dong dung mq (cA).~u~ t'ung thuq t' UI-J tuq tong tung tong tung i~g tzu" dzw GP zi dz WY ‘I$ dzi 0.dzi tz'u tshu tsw ci tsz tsy tsi tsi (HU).lzi wa wa wa wa wa wa ua wa ua (HU). _ua wai w sti w ai wai wai w ai uai wai ~i' wan wan wan w8/wan wan uan wan uan, van wang uang wang wmg waq waq wag -.uag wei we1 wei wei wei wei uei we uei 0.gej w2n wan wan w~n wen wen uen wen uan (LT),pan weng weng weng ueng weng WA~ wAq WAq WArJ (cA), uaqCI. wo wo wo wo w3 w3 w$a uo WQ (CA).p wu wu wu WU. wU wu wu u wu u (LT) ,yu Ya Ja .ia Ya Ya ia Ya ia (HU) ,.a yai jar iai3- jai y ai yai iai yai Fang ~aq jag JQ~ yang iang Yaw jaq (0)jaq Yao Jao j ao j au/o Yau Yau iao Yau iau (LT) ,jay ie yeh JC J& Ye Ye ya i& (HU)>i& Yen jen J&n ]en Yan Yan ien yan @n .* .. . yi (cf. i) Y i Y i 1 1 LI .. ]I.. j.1. yin J 111 yin yin in yin JU~.. .. jm ,in Ylng Ilr) J~IJ -1 ~?l ying ying ing ying iq (HU).& iou yo,yiia yo 13 "'I;;& iou Yu JDU .i(0)~ You You YU jy: (CA) .jog iong yung JUIJ JUTJ yong yung Yung YU~o.i~r~ V yii JY JY YU YU iu y ii ii (LT) ,iy yiian jyan fyan JY.&n yuan ywan iuan y iian yen- (LT) .yen yiieh iue yiia jy3 J ye JY~ Yue Ywe u&, ]fi~-~,y& yiin iun y iin jyn JY~ jyen YU~ YU~ ~YX! References Anderson, Olov. 1970. A concordance to five systems of transcription for . (Wade. Simplified Wade, G-R. Pinyin. Yale) Lund: Studentlitteratur. Bollard, John, ed. 1993. Pronouncing dictionup of proper names. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. Bourgerie. Dana. 1992. Review: Utterance particles in Cantonese conversation. Journal for the Linguistic Socie~of America 68, no. 1: 2340235. Bruce, James, E. D. Edwards, and Shu Chun. [1930]. Chinese. 2 vols. Daniel Jones, phonetics advisor. London: Linguaphone Institute. Cheng, Chin-Chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. (Uses IPA) The Hague: Mouton. Chinese. 1974.Language/30 Series. Washington. D.C.: Educational Services Corp.; Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum. (Yale System). Chao, Yuen Ren. 1957. Mandarin primer. (GR)MA: Harvard University Press. Choy, Rita Mie-Wah. 1990. Read and write Chinese. (National, Pinyin, Yale) San Francisco, CA: China West Books. Duden Aussprachewiirrerbuch . 1990.3 Aufl. (2 Aufl. 1974) Bearbeitet von Max Mangold. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut. Fan, Zhilong. 1988. Essential Chinese for travelers. (Folk phonetics) San Francisco: China Books. Fenn, C. H. 1955 Thefive thousand dictionary. Orig. 1940. MA: Harvard University Press. Giles, Herbert. 1912. A Chinese-English dictionmy. 2nd rev.. vol.1. Shanghi: Kelly & Walsh. Goldenthal, Allen. 1978. Think Chinese speak Chinese. (Own romanization, Pinyin, Yale, Wade-Giles) NY: Regents. Hillier. Walter. 1945. An English-Chinese dictionary of Peking colloquial. Orig. 1910. (Wade system.) London: Kegan Paul. Hockett. Charles. 1947. Peiping phonology. Journal of the American Orien~alSociety 67:253- 267. Huang, Raymond. 1969. Mandarin pronunciation: Explained with diagrams. (IPA recommended) University Press. Jones, Daniel, and Kwing Tong Woo. 1912. (IPA) A Cantonese phonetic reader. London. Kershul. Kristine. 1987. Chinese in I0minutes a day. 4th ed. Seattle, WA: Bilingual Books. (Pinyin and folk phonetics) Legeza, Ireneus. 1968. Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialecr: (Conversion tables ofthe currently used infernational and European systems.) Vol. 1. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Legeza, Ireneus. 1%9. Guide to rransliterared Chinese in 1h.e modern Peking dialect. (Conversion tables ofthe o~itdatedinternarional and European individual systems) Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Li, Charles. and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese. University of California. Newnham. Richard. 197 1. About Chinese. Baltimore. MD: Penguin. Pinyin Chinese-English dictiona~.1979. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. PIPA. Principles of the international phonetic alphabet. 1949. (rev. 1984). London: University College. Simon, W. 1964. A beginners Chinese-English dictionary of the national language (Gwoyeu). London: Percy Lund. Humphries. Supplement to the People's Republic of China. Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin. 1988. Washington, D. C.: Defense Mapping Agency. Wade, Thomas. 1867. Yii-?En.. .. London. Wu, zhaoyi. W. Liang, S. Qian, Y. Guo. 1988. The English.-Chinesepocket Pinyin dictionary. Beijing: New World Press. Y ee, Dennis. 1975. Chinese romanization self study guide: Comparison of Yale and Pinyin rornanizations. Comparison of Pinyin and Wade-Giles romanizarions . Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Y uang. Lin. 1972. 's Chinese-English dicrionary ofmodern usage. (National and GR) Hong Kong: The Chinese . Zhongguo Dirninglu (Gazetteer in China). 1983.32,000 names in Han characters and Pinyin. People's Republic of China.

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1 86/11 Victor H. Mair The Need for an Alphabetically 31 $2.50 University of Pennsylvania Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexico,pphical Projects

2 86112 Andrew Jones The Poetics of Uncertainty in Early 45 $3.00 Hiroshima Chinese Literature

3 8713 Victor H. Mair A Partial Bibliography for the Study iv, 2 14 $20.00 University of Pennsylvania of Indian Influence on Chinese Popular Literature

4 8711 1 Robert M. Sanders The Fow Languages of "Mandarin" 14 $2.00 University of Hawaii

5 87/12 Eric A. Havelock Chinese Characters and the 4 $2.00 Vassar College Greek Alphabet

6 88/1 J. Marshall Unger Computers and Japanese Literacy: 13 $3.00 University of Hawaii Nihonzin no Yomikaki N6iyoku to Konpytlta

7 8811 . Tsung-tung Chang Indo-European Vocabulary in Old i, 56 $10.00 Goethe-Universitiit Chinese: A New Thesis on the Frankfurt Emergence of and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age

8 8812 Various Authors Reviews (I) ii, 39 $7.50

9 88/12 Soho Machida Life anc) Light, the Infinite: 46 $7.50 Daitoku-ji, Kyoto A Historical and Philological Analysis of the Arnida Cult

1 0 8916 Pratoom Angurarohita Buddhist Influence on the 31 $6.00 Chuldongkom University -Confucian Concept of Bangkok the Sage

11 8917 Edward L. Shaughnessy Western Cultural Innovations 8 $2.00 University of Chicago in China, 1200 B.C.

12 8918 VictorH.Ma-r The Contributions of Tang and 71 $12.00 University of Pennsylvania Five Dynasties Transformation Texts (pien-wen) to Later Chinese Popular Literature

13 8911 0 Jiaosheng Wang The Complete Ci-poems of xii. 122 $18.00 Li Qingzhao: A New English Translation Previous Issues, cont.

Number Date Author Title Pages Price

14 891 12 Various Authors Reviews (11) 69 $7.50

15 9011 George Cardona On Attitudes towards Language in 19 $3.50 University of Pennsylvania Ancient hdia

16 90/3 Victor H. Mair Three Brief Essays Concerning 16 $5.50 University of Pennsylvania Chinese Tocharistan a. The Significance of Dunhuang and Turfm Studies b. Early Iranian Influences on Buddhism in Central Asia c. History of Chinese Turkistan in the Pre-Islamic Period

17 9014 Heather Peters Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: 28 $4.50 The University Museum Who Were the Ancient Yue? Philadelphi a

18 9015 Victor H. Mair Two Non-Tetragraphic Northern 28 $7.00 University of Pennsylvania Sini tic Languages a. Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform b. Who Were the GyBmi?

19 906 BosatMan Backlull / Peking / Beijing 6 $2.50 Nalanda

20 90/10 Victor H. Mair [Tlze] File [on the Cosmic] Track 68 $13.50 University of Pennsylvania [and Individual] Dough/tiness]; Introduction and Notes for a Translation of the Ma-wang-tui Manuscripts of the Lao Tzu [Old Mastery

2 1 90112 Philippa Jane Benson Two Cross-Cultural Studies on 9, 13 $8.50 Carnegie Mellon University Reachg Theory a. Cross-ortho,oraphic Stroop Research: One Study in Context b. The Composing Process of a Bilingual Novice Writer

22 9113 David Moser Slips of the Tongue and Pen 45 $8.50 University of Michigan in Chinese -- Previous Issues, cont.

Number Date Author Title Pages Price

23 9117/4 Victor H. Mair Tracks of the Tao, Semantics of Zen 10 $3.50 University of Pennsylvania

24 9118 David A. Utz Language, Writing, and Tradition 24 $6.50 University of Pennsylvania in lran

25 9118 Jean DeBernardi Linguistic Nationalism: The Case 22 + $6.00 University of Alberta of 3 figs.

26 9119 JAO Tsung-i Questions on the Origins of Writing 10 $4.50 Chinese University of Raised by the Silk Road Hong Kong

27 911 Victor H. Mair, editor Schniftfes~schn!:fi~~~on ix + $35.00 8/3 1 University of Pennsylvania Writing and Language in Honor of 245 John LkFrancis orz His Eighrieth Birthday

28 91/9 ZJHOUYouguang The Family of Chinese Character- 11 $4.00 State Lanbouage Commission Type Scripts (Twenty Members Peking and Four Stages of Datelopment)

29 9 1 I9 Victor H. Mair What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? 31 $8.00 University of Pennsylvania Reflections on Some Key Sino- English Linguistic Terms

30 91/10 M. V. Sofionov Chinese Philology and the Scripts 10 $4.50 Institute of Far Eastern of Central Asia Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow

3 1 9 1/10 Various Authors Reviews (I10 68 $14.00

32 92/8 David McCraw How the Chinawornan Lost Her 27 $6.50 University of Hawaii

33 92/9 FENG Lide & Kevin Lnterethnic Contact on the Inner Asian 34 $10.00 Stuart Frontier: The Gangou People of Chuankou Number One Minhe County, Qinghai Middle School and Qinghai Education College Previous Issues, con[.

Nuinkr Date Author Title Pages Price

34 92/10 Victor H. Mair Two Papers on Sinolinguistics 13 $5.00 University of Pennsylvanizl 1. A Hypothesis Concerning the Origin of the Tern1fn~rqi~ ( "Countertomy ") 2. East Asian Round-Trip Wortls

35 92/11 TheEditor, Reviews (1V) 37 $12.00 with iu~added note by Edwin G.Pulleyblank

36 9312 Wenkan XU Hmyu Wailaici de Yuyuan Kaozheng 13 $5.0 Hnnytc Da Cidiurr editorial he Cidian Biannlan (Philological oftices Research on the Ety nlology of Shanghai hailwords in Sinitic and Dictionary Compilation)

37 93/3 Tanya Stc~rch Chinese oddh hi st Historiography 16 $6.00 University of New Mexico and Orality

38 9314 VictorH.Mair The Linguistic ancl Textual 95 $18.00 University of Pennsylvania Antececlen ts of 7%~Sufra of the Wise arid tliv Foolisl~

39 93/8 Jordan Paper A Material Case for a hte Bsring 17 $6.50 Y ork University Strait Crossing Coincident with Pre-Colun~birmTrans-Pacific CI-assings

40 93/9 Michael Cur Tiao-Fish through Chinese 68 $15.50 Center for Language Studies Dictionaries Otw University of C ornnlerce

4 1 931 10 Pa111 Goldin Miching Mallecho: The Zllrir~guacv) 27 $7.50 Flanlard University and Classical Rhetoric

42 93/1 1 Rmcliin-Jashe Kham Tibetan Language Materials 39 $9.50 Yulshul Tibetan Autonomc~usPrefecture, Kokonor (Qinghai) 8r Kevin Stuart Institute of Foreign hglagrs Ulaanhaatar, Mongolia Previous Issues, conr.

Nu~ilber Date Author Title Pages Price

43 93112 MA Q~idin,MA Wari- Salar hnguagz Materials 72 $16.50 xiang. and MA Zhicheng Xining Edited by Kevin Stuwt Kokcmor

44 94/1 Dolkun Kanlberi The Three Thousand Year Old 15 $7.50 Columbia University Cl~rcli511Man Preserved at Zaghunliiq

45 9415 Mark Hansel1 The Sino-Alphabet: The Assirnilatior. 28 $8.00 Carleton College of Roman Letters into the Chinese \Vri ting System

46 94/7 E. Bnice Brooks. et nl. Reviews (V) 2, 155 $24.00

47 9418 Robert S. Bauer Sino-Tihetan *kolo " Mteel" 11 $5.00 Mahitlo1 University Salaya Nakornpathom Thai land

48 94/9 Victor H. Mair Introclilction and Notes for a Comple.te xxxiv. $2 1.50 University of Peimsylva-ria Tra~slationof the Chlrntl~Tzrr 110

49 941 10 Ltido Rocher Oralityand Textuality - 28 $7.00 University of Pennsylvania in the Indian Context , 50 94111 YINBinyong Diyi gt. Lacling Zinlu de Hmy~Pinyir 7 $4.00 State Language Conmlission Fa~ig'anShi Zenyanp Chansheng de? and Institute for Algditxl [How Was the First Rornanized (Chinese Spelling System for Sinitic Academy of Social Sciences) Prtdu~cxl?]

51 94/11 HAN Kangxin The Str~clyof Ancient Hurrian 9 plus $6.00 Institute of Archeology Skeletons kern Xin.jiang. China 4 figs. Chinese Academy of Social Scierices

Checks (Ullitetl States of America funds only, please) should be niade payable to Sino-Plnrorric Papers ant1 sent to the editor at the Departl~ie~ltof Asian & Midtlle Eastern Studies University of Pemsylva~lia Philadelphia. PA 19 104-6305 USA Please include an additional $1.75 for postage ant1 l~andlingfor each iten1 ordered. U.S. air~riail$1.50 extra Ixr item; overseas airmail $3.50 extra per iteni.