DOCSLIB.ORG

A Typo-Morphological Enquiry Into the Evolution of Urban and Architectural Forms in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Typo-Morphological Enquiry Into the Evolution of Urban and Architectural Forms in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China A Typo-morphological Enquiry into the Evolution of Urban and Architectural Forms in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China Qiu Feng A Thesis in The Department of Geography, Planning & Environment Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada March, 2014 © Qiu Feng, 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Qiu Feng Entitled: A Typo-morphological Enquiry into the Evolution of Urban and Architectural Forms in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China And submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) Complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final Examining Committee: Pascale Biron Chair John Zacharias Examiner Danielle Labbé Examiner Pierre Gauthier Supervisor Approved by Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Dean of Faculty Date ABSTRACT A Typo-morphological Enquiry into the Evolution of Urban and Architectural Forms in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China Qiu Feng This thesis focuses on the evolution of urban tissues of nine urban blocks of Huangpu District of Shanghai from 1842 to 1949, relying on theories and methods developed by urban morphology. It is more specifically a cross-cultural application of the Italian typo- morphological approach to the realities of a Chinese city, which offers a novel interpretation of Shanghai‟s urban form. By studying Huangpu District‟s urban tissues, we wish to learn lessons, inspire good design principles, propose new planning approaches, and shed light on the wider consideration of historical conservation in Shanghai and other Chinese cities. This thesis traces back the formation and transformation of urban and architectural forms in Huangpu District by exploring the street blocks evolution and drawing a typological analysis of residential types of the selected site. The research highlights the particularities and specificities of urban and architectural forms of Chinese cities and illustrates that the Chinese urban culture is enacted in the spatial system, rather than figuratively expressed by the architectural language. Keywords: Urban morphology, urban tissue, morphogenesis, type, building type, typological process, conservation, Shanghai, China iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation for the people who have helped and supported me throughout my thesis. First of all, I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Professor Pierre Gauthier, for his assistance and guidance, for his valuable comments, advice and engagement through the whole process of this thesis. Without his persistent help and encouragement this thesis would not have been possible. My gratefulness is extended to my committee members, the entire Faculty, staff, and to my peers in the department of Geography, Planning and Environment. Everyone‟s help and support has contributed to my progress and success in academia at Concordia University. I would like to thank my husband, Jiuling Bie, who has been supportive and loving through the good and more difficult times during the past few years. His love, kindness and support have taken me to finalize this thesis. A special thank of mine goes to: Hexian Bi and Qing Yang, who hosted my stay in Shanghai and made my field work memorable and enjoyable. I wish to thank my closest friends: Yuan Yang, Oliver Zhao, Yinggang Tu, Yue Zeng, Bin Wu, Yuchen Yang, etc., for their invaluable support and encouragement. They have always been encouraging me during my studies. Without them I would have been unable to complete my work. To each of them I extend my heartfelt gratitude. At last but not the least, I want to thank my sons and my parents, for their endless love and support, who made all the things possible. iv Table of contents List of figures .................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 I.1 Current problems ............................................................................................................. 1 I.2 Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 2 I.3 Goals ................................................................................................................................ 3 I.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 4 I.5 Structure ........................................................................................................................... 8 1. History of Shanghai ............................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Geographic position and climate of Shanghai ............................................................... 10 1.2 A brief overview of Shanghai‟s history ......................................................................... 11 1.2.1 The origin of its name ............................................................................................ 11 1.2.2 A short history of Shanghai ................................................................................... 12 1.3 Shanghai‟s unique culture .............................................................................................. 15 2. Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Urban morphology ......................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Three main Schools of urban morphology ..................................................................... 18 2.3.1 The Italian School .................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 The English School ................................................................................................ 19 2.3.3 The French School ................................................................................................. 20 2.3.4 Similarities and differences among the three Schools ........................................... 21 2.3.5 North American scholars ....................................................................................... 22 2.4 The urban form as a cultural object ............................................................................... 23 2.5 Urban tissue as an object of enquiry .............................................................................. 24 2.6 The cross-cultural application of Caniggian and Conzenian approaches in China ........ 26 3. Particularity of Chinese urban form ....................................................................................... 28 v 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Two conceptions “shaping” Chinese urban form........................................................... 28 3.2.1 Rationalist .............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2 Naturalist ................................................................................................................ 30 3.3 Two typical Chinese cities: the “northern city” and the “southern city” ....................... 30 3.4 Patterns and processes of morphological changes in Chinese cities .............................. 31 3.5 Morphological characters of Shanghai .......................................................................... 33 3.5.1 Jiangnan: the city of water ..................................................................................... 34 3.5.2 Morphological characters of Shanghai before 1842 .............................................. 35 3.6 Morphological transformation of Shanghai ................................................................... 36 4. Morphological analysis of the study area .............................................................................. 39 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39 4.1.1 A brief introduction to the Huangpu District ......................................................... 39 4.1.2 The concessions in Shanghai ................................................................................. 42 4.2 The Shanghai urban blocks ............................................................................................ 45 4.2.1 Two theoretical models of Shanghai urban blocks ................................................ 45 4.2.2 Morphological features of urban blocks in the study area ..................................... 50 4.2.3 The general layout and spatial syntax of Linong ................................................... 52 4.3 General analysis of the morphogenesis of the study area .............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ohio Shanghai India's Temples
    fall/winter 2019 — $3.95 Ohio Fripp Island Michigan Carnival Mardi Gras New Jersey Panama City Florida India’s Temples Southwestern Ontario Shanghai 1 - CROSSINGS find your story here S ome vacations become part of us. The beauty and Shop for one-of-a-kind Join us in January for the 6th Annual Comfort Food Cruise. experiences come home with us and beckon us back. Ohio’s holiday gifts during the The self-guided Cruise provides a tasty tour of the Hocking Hills Hocking Hills in winter is such a place. Breathtaking scenery, 5th Annual Hocking with more than a dozen locally owned eateries offering up their outdoor adventures, prehistoric caves, frozen waterfalls, Hills Holiday Treasure classic comfort specialties. and cozy cabins, take root and call you back again and Hunt and enter to win again. Bring your sense of adventure and your heart to the one of more than 25 To get your free visitor’s guide and find out more about Hocking Hills and you’ll count the days until you can return. prizes and a Grand the Comfort Food Cruise and Treasure Hunt call or click: Explore the Hocking Hills, Ohio’s Natural Crown Jewels. Prize Getaway for 4. 1-800-Hocking | ExploreHockingHills.com find your story here S ome vacations become part of us. The beauty and Shop for one-of-a-kind Join us in January for the 6th Annual Comfort Food Cruise. experiences come home with us and beckon us back. Ohio’s holiday gifts during the The self-guided Cruise provides a tasty tour of the Hocking Hills Hocking Hills in winter is such a place.
    [Show full text]
  • Regeneration and Sustainable Development in the Transformation of Shanghai
    Ecosystems and Sustainable Development V 235 Regeneration and sustainable development in the transformation of Shanghai Y. Chen Department of Real estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology Abstract Globalisation has had an increasing impact on the transformation of Chinese cities ever since China adopted the open door policy in 1978. Many cities in China have been struggling with the challenges of urban regeneration created by the restructuring of the traditional economy and increasing competition between cities for resources, investment and business. The closure of docks, warehouses and industries, and the deteriorating position of traditional urban centres not only created problems but also created exceptional opportunities to reshape cities and create new functions. But this kind of process also generates a series of physical, economic and social consequences for cities to tackle. In many cases the problems exceed the capacity of the local community to adapt and respond. This paper examines a number of urban regeneration projects in Shanghai, in the hope of providing a better understanding of the process of urban regeneration in China and how best to ensure that such regeneration is sustainable. The paper reassesses the aims of regeneration, the mechanisms involved in the regeneration process and its physical, economic and social consequences, discusses how to achieve sustainable development in urban regeneration and makes recommendations for future action. 1 Introduction Global market forces and increasing globalisation are clearly playing a role in the transformation of cities and towns. In most countries urban systems are experiencing dramatic changes brought about by economic restructuring, continuous mass migration and the arrival of immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Discussion on the Segmentation and Unification of Public Space Within Shanghai Historic Lane Neighbourhood
    ICOA543: BETWEEN FAMILY AND STATE: DISCUSSION ON THE SEGMENTATION AND UNIFICATION OF PUBLIC SPACE WITHIN SHANGHAI HISTORIC LANE NEIGHBOURHOOD Subtheme 01: Integrating Heritage and Sustainable Urban Development by engaging diverse Communities for Heritage Management Session 2: Management, Documentation Location: Stein Auditorium, India Habitat Centre Time: December 13, 2017, 14:30 – 14:45 Author: Xiang Zhou, Aya Kubota Xiang Zhou, who achieved his bachelor’s degree in Landscape Architecture at Beijing Forestry University, China, and received his master’s degree in Landscape Architecture at Tongji University, China, is currently conducting his Ph.D. Study on Urban Design at The University of Tokyo under the supervision of Prof. Aya KUBOTA, at the Territorial Design Studies Unit. His research interests are urban regeneration and historic precinct revitalization, urban & rural community sustainable development, territorial cultural landscape and Chinese classic gardens. Abstract: Shanghai’s historic lane neighbourhood is a social combination established on residents’ recognition of cultural identity and rights. It has blended into their daily life, shaping their cultural characters, developing the basic tone of Shanghai urban life, and becoming a mainstream living space in Shanghai. Analyzed under the perspective of daily life, Hongkou River area in Shanghai is selected as a case study to identify sustainable means towards equity. Through empirical research, the thesis believes identification of three distinct worlds: Shikumen lane neighbourhood, new-built commodity house district, cultural and creative industrial district, under the collective name of a unified community, apparently exists within the residents’ cognitive map. Accordingly, urban segmentations between the three worlds reflect on the physical differences in entrance guard, architectural type and interactive mode in their daily lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’S Novel of Nostalgia Wittenberg University
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 China Beat Archive 7-14-2008 Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia Wittenberg University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Wittenberg University, "Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia" (2008). The China Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012. 157. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive/157 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the China Beat Archive at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia July 14, 2008 in Watching the China Watchers by The China Beat | No comments After the recent publication of a translation of Wang Anyi’s 1995 novel A Song of Everlasting Sorrow, we asked Howard Choy to reflect on the novel’s contents and importance. Below, Choy draws on his recently published work on late twentieth century Chinese fiction to contextualize Wang’s Shanghai story. By Howard Y. F. Choy Among all the major cities in China, Shanghai has become the most popular in recent academic research and creative writings. This is partly a consequence of its resuscitation under Deng Xiaoping’s (1904-1997) intensified economic reforms in the 1990s, and partly due to its unique experience during one hundred years (1843-1943) of colonization and the concomitant modernization that laid the foundation for the new Shanghai we see today.
    [Show full text]
  • Dilemma Between Density and Quality: the Demographic History of Sinan Road Area
    The 18th International Planning History Society Conference - Yokohama, July 2018 Dilemma Between Density and Quality: The Demographic History of Sinan Road Area Zhu Kaiyi * * PhD Candidate, Department of Architecture, [email protected] This paper investigates the unique urban planning history and demographic changes in Sinan Road (also named as Rue Massenet) Area of Shanghai and the socioeconomic impacts on local inhabitants’ living quality led by formal and informal planning dynamics. Examining both tangible and intangible characteristics of this area under five different historical phases, this paper indicates that population density and urban quality cannot always be positively or negatively related. Urban quality can reach the maximum value when area population of concentrated density stays in an ideal state, although, as a result of the qualitative variates, such state (peak value) is in suspense. Through analysing the overarching strategic plan of different periods, it also argues that urban quality is not merely dominated by or directly related to density but more by the population’s social demands and their initial interaction with a specific area, active or passive involvement. Keywords: population density, Sinan Road area, historic district, social demands, urban transformation, living quality Introduction The saturation of urban construction in contemporary Chinese metropolises has forced planners to face the inevitable strategy of optimizing housing stock. As a city where urban heritage practices happen frequently, municipal construction and housing departments of Shanghai jointly issued a series of implementation opinions in 1999, to improve and monitor pilot preservation and reconstruction projects of historic buildings and blocks of this city. This turning point has brought a more comprehensive platform of expression in the context of market economy, while enabling multiple values of urban heritage to be fully discovered by varied stakeholders in a new era.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Pocket Guide
    10 – 13 October 2019 Shanghai New International Expo Centre Travel Pocket Guide Music China 2019 (10 – 13 October) Content General fair information ......................................................................................................... 2 Value-for-money hotels .......................................................................................................... 3 Attractions .............................................................................................................................. 4 Restaurants / Pubs ................................................................................................................. 7 Useful phrases ........................................................................................................................ 9 Useful websites .................................................................................................................... 10 Page 1 Music China 2019 (10 – 13 October) General fair information Music China 2018 (10 – 13 October 2018) Venue: Shanghai New International Expo Centre (SNIEC) 2345 Long Yang Road, Pudong Area, Shanghai 201204, China 上海新国际博览中心 中国上海市浦东新区龙阳路 2345 号 邮编： 201204 Opening hours: 10 October 2019 9:30am – 5:00pm 11 October 2019 9:30am – 5:00pm 12 October 2019 9:30am – 5:00pm 13 October 2019 9:30am – 3:30pm How to get to the fairground 1) Metro Line 7 to Hua Mu Road Station , the station is located next to SNIEC fairground / 2) Get off at Long Yang Road Station (an interchange station for bus, metro and maglev), it takes about
    [Show full text]
  • Kletnieks, N. Shanghai's Laneway Housing
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND VOL. 33 Edited by AnnMarie Brennan and Philip Goad Published in Melbourne, Australia, by SAHANZ, 2016 ISBN: 978-0-7340-5265-0 The bibliographic citation for this paper is: Nicholas Kletnieks “Shanghai’s Laneway Housing: Its Design, Occupation and Demolition.” In Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand: 33, Gold, edited by AnnMarie Brennan and Philip Goad, 346-356. Melbourne: SAHANZ, 2016. All efforts have been undertaken to ensure that authors have secured appropriate permissions to reproduce the images illustrating individual contributions. Interested parties may contact the editors. Nicholas Kletnieks University of Western Australia SHANGHAI’S LANEWAY HOUSING: ITS DESIGN, OCCUPATION AND DEMOLITION Shanghai’s lilong housing built between the 1850's and 1930's is a unique typology, characteristic of the city. Large scale demolition of this housing has been in progress for twenty years as part of a development trajectory aimed at situating Shanghai as a global city with an exceptional culture and history. It will eventually result in the disappearance of the early and most characteristic examples of this form. This paper analyses the extent that the demolition is being driven by perceptions of this housing as an archaic form or an element of the past better erased. It examines the extent of the effect of the condition of the housing stock, associations with foreign concession times, economic factors and cultural attitudes toward new and old in decisions to demolish. It also considers why the new construction differs so dramatically from the previous fabric of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Guideline for 2015 Summer Chinese Course
    2015 Summer Chinese Course at School of International Education, SJTU Guideline for 2015 Summer Chinese Course 1. Entry Requirements ① aged between 18 to 60; ② in good health. 2. Application period: Mar. 1st to May31st, 2015 (8:00-11:00 am, 13:30-17:00 pm M-F) 3. Online Application: http://www.study-shanghai.org/sjtu_en.asp 4. Study period: Four-week program: Jul.13 to Aug.7 (Monday to Friday) Six-week program: Jul.13 to Aug.21 (Monday to Friday) 5. Application fee: RMB￥450 (approx. US $ 85) 6. Tuition RMB￥3850 (approx. US $ 650) for four weeks (Jul.7 to Aug.1) RMB￥5550 (approx. US $ 930) for six weeks (Jul.7 to Aug.15) 7. Courses (1) Main courses: designed for 20 students per class on average with a placement test on Jul.12, 2014 (the registration day) Intensive Chinese (divided into seven levels: A to G) → Appendix (3) Business Chinese (divided into two levels: intermediate and advanced) →Appendix (4); Intermediate Business Chinese class is for students with basic speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities, and the ability to use Chinese in daily life Advanced Business Chinese class is for students with intermediate speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities, and the ability to use more advanced Chinese in daily life (2) Optional courses: Chinese calligraphy, Chinese painting and Tai Ji 8. Procedure of and notes for application (1) Apply online at the web-site at: http://www.study-shanghai.org/sjtu_en.asp. Then select “Chinese Language Study (summer)”, fill out all the required information. (2) When you submit the application form, an ID photo (bmp file, size less than 100K) and a passport copy (jpg, gif or bmp file, size less than 100K) are required.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai Image: Critical Iconography, Minor Literature, and the Un-Making of a Modern Chinese Mythology
    6KDQJKDL,PDJH&ULWLFDO,FRQRJUDSK\0LQRU/LWHUDWXUH DQGWKH8Q0DNLQJRID0RGHUQ&KLQHVH0\WKRORJ\ ;XGRQJ=KDQJ New Literary History, Volume 33, Number 1, Winter 2002, pp. 137-167 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2002.0009 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nlh/summary/v033/33.1zhang.html Access provided by New York University (15 Jun 2015 04:31 GMT) Shanghai Image: Critical Iconography, Minor Literature, and the Un-Making of a Modern Chinese Mythology Xudong Zhang* I n “Metropolitan Perceptions and the Emergence of Modern- ism,” Raymond Williams demonstrates how the historical symbiosis Ibetween the modern and the urban can be reconstructed, both historically and conceptually, in five successive steps. It all starts with an historical experience whose novelty has all but escaped us: a “crowd of strangers” on the street which is unknown, indeed, mysterious. Within this crowd emerges the lonely individual, whose paradox of self- realization in isolation culminates in an “extreme and precarious form of consciousness,” namely the monad of subjectivity. The third moment can be found in the imagined objectivity confronting the new-born subjectivity, which Williams calls the “concealment” and “impenetrabil- ity” of the city. This would be the London in Conan Doyle—foggy, dark, intricate, a huge crime scene necessitating an isolated but penetrating rational intelligence that finds its form in the detective novel.1 Williams’s conceptualization of the city/modernity then takes a sharp, dialectic turn, as the alienating concentration of men and women in the city also gives rise to a new unity or “human solidarity.” Cast in this light, the image of the mob turns into that of the “masses” and the “multitude” with democratic and revolutionary potentials.
    [Show full text]
  • Preservation of Lilong Neighborhoods in Shanghai
    PRESERVATION OF LILONG NEIGHBORHOODS IN SHANGHAI: SOCIAL CHANGE AND SPATIAL RIGHTS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Historic Preservation Planning by Ran Yan August 2013 © 2013 Ran Yan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT As once the most common form of dwelling in Shanghai, the Lilong has played a vital role in Shanghai’s local culture. Gradually declining in number during the second half of the 20th century, it is now faced with a challenging and undecided future. This thesis aims to further the discussion of the preservation of Lilong neighborhoods in its fundamental relation with people and basic social context. Four case studies, Tian Zi Fang, Jian Ye Li, Jing An Bie Shu and Bu Gao Li, are used to add some realistic, specific details and to deepen the reflection on this topic. Each of the cases has its special architectural features, residential composition, history, and current problems all of which provide some insight into the uniqueness and individuality of every Lilong neighborhood. In the end recommendations are made to address to Lilong residents’ right and to call for an equal way of Lilong preservation as a means to a better living environment for everyone and a more equitable society. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Ran Yan was born on August 9th, 1988 in Beijing, China, where she grew up and finished her early education. In 2011 she received her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Historic Preservation from Tongji University, in Shanghai. With a background in both architecture and historic preservation, she continued on to graduate study in the Historic Preservation Planning program at the City and Regional Planning Department of Cornell University.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Sound Images, Acoustic
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SOUND IMAGES, ACOUSTIC CULTURE, AND TRANSMEDIALITY IN 1920S-1940S CHINESE CINEMA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CINEMA AND MEDIA STUDIES BY LING ZHANG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………iii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………. x Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter One Sound in Transition and Transmission: The Evocation and Mediation of Acoustic Experience in Two Stars in the Milky Way (1931) ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter Two Metaphoric Sound, Rhythmic Movement, and Transcultural Transmediality: Liu Na’ou and The Man Who Has a Camera (1933) …………………………………………………. 66 Chapter Three When the Left Eye Meets the Right Ear: Cinematic Fantasia and Comic Soundscape in City Scenes (1935) and 1930s Chinese Film Sound… 114 Chapter Four An Operatic and Poetic Atmosphere (kongqi): Sound Aesthetic and Transmediality in Fei Mu’s Xiqu Films and Spring in a Small Town (1948) … 148 Filmography…………………………………………………………………………………………… 217 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………… 223 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the long process of bringing my dissertation project to fruition, I have accumulated a debt of gratitude to many gracious people who have made that journey enjoyable and inspiring through the contribution of their own intellectual vitality. First and foremost, I want to thank my dissertation committee for its unfailing support and encouragement at each stage of my project. Each member of this small group of accomplished scholars and generous mentors—with diverse personalities, academic backgrounds and critical perspectives—has nurtured me with great patience and expertise in her or his own way. I am very fortunate to have James Lastra as my dissertation co-chair.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF} Shanghai Architecture Ebook, Epub
    SHANGHAI ARCHITECTURE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Anne Warr | 340 pages | 01 Feb 2008 | Watermark Press | 9780949284761 | English | Balmain, NSW, Australia Shanghai architecture: the old and the new | Insight Guides Blog Retrieved 16 July Government of Shanghai. Archived from the original on 5 March Retrieved 10 November Archived from the original on 27 January Archived from the original on 26 May Retrieved 5 August Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal People's Government. Archived from the original on 3 October Retrieved 19 July Demographia World Urban Areas. Louis: Demographia. Archived PDF from the original on 3 May Retrieved 15 June Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 24 March Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 8 December Global Data Lab China. Retrieved 9 April Retrieved 27 September Long Finance. Retrieved 8 October Top Universities. Retrieved 29 September Archived from the original on 29 September Archived from the original on 16 April Retrieved 11 January Xinmin Evening News in Chinese. Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 12 January Archived from the original on 2 October Retrieved 2 October Topographies of Japanese Modernism. Columbia University Press. Daily Press. Archived from the original on 28 September Retrieved 29 July Archived from the original on 30 August Retrieved 4 July Retrieved 24 November Archived from the original on 16 June Retrieved 26 April Archived from the original on 1 October Retrieved 1 October Archived from the original on 11 September Volume 1. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 6 May Retrieved 2 May Office of Shanghai Chronicles.
    [Show full text]