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Home , Cuddalore district, Kilvelur, Mannargudi, Mayiladuthurai, Muthupet, Nagapattinam

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND DISTRICT

(Prepared as per the Gazette Notification S.O.3611 (E) dated 25.07.2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climatic Change)

2019

DISTRICT ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY (DEIAA),

INDEX

Content Chapter Page No.

1. Introduction. 1 2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District. 1 3. List of Sand Mining Leases in the District. 4 4. Details of Revenue received in last three years. 5 5. Details of Production of Sand in last three years. 5 6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers 6 of the District. 7. General Profile of the District. 8 8. Land Utilisation Pattern in the District: Forest, 11 Agricultural, Horticultural, Mining etc. 9. Physiography of the District. 15 10. Climate and Rainfall of the District. 16 11. Geology and Mineral wealth of Nagapattinam 18 District. 12. Drainage system with description of main rivers. 19 13. Salient Features of important Rivers and 21 Streams. 14. Mineral Potential. 22

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND- NAGAPATTIANAM DISTRICT

1. Introduction: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of in its notification S.O. No.3611 (E) dated: 25.07.2018 has issued amendments to the procedure and format for the preparation of District Survey Report of minor minerals including sand mining or river bed mining. The main purpose of preparation of District Survey Report is to identify the mineral resources and developing the mining activities along with other relevant data of the District.

2. Overview of Mining Activity:

Tamil Nadu Public Works Department, pioneer in all branch of engineering, is the custodian of Odai, Canal, Rivers and Water bodies in the State. Public Works Department creates, maintains and protects all irrigation systems including the rivers. Periodical maintenance including de-silting of the drains/river is carried out to maintain the functional efficiency including the carrying capacity of the river. But in rivers, flood protection works are carried out by increasing top level of bund and protecting the sides of bund with revetment. The de-silting was never carried out in river due to the cost constraints. Therefore, prolonged siltation for decades and more, the level of the floor of riverbed has increased and reduced the carrying capacity.

Whenever floods and consequent damages occurred, it was resorted to increase the bund level to restore the carrying capacity of river. It was never thought of de-silting the river due to the enormous cost, it require and the problem of ways and means to dispose the de- silted sand. Consequence of this change in river regime and reduction in carrying capacity of the Coleroon River, the shoals in the rivers, divert the flow of water resulting in bund erosion and consequent breaches, which lead to loss of property and lives.

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Solution to the above problem is to de-silt the shoals in the Coleroon River by expending huge amount. Alternatively, the economical solution to this problem is to mine the sand to remove the shoals. This option would yield net revenue to the state exchequer apart from making available the important construction material for infrastructure development at a reasonable price to the common people. The quarrying of sand in Government Mathiravelur lands and private patta lands had been entrusted to private agencies by the Revenue Department after concluding a lease agreement with them. The process was in practice up to August 2002. As per G. O. No. 46/Industries (MMC.1) Department, dated 25.09.2002, a high level committee had been constituted to conduct a survey of rivers and river beds in the state with reference to sand quarry. The high level committee concluded that, a) Even through several rules on sand mining exist, illegal quarrying of sand is out of control. Authority for regulating sand mining is vested with different organization such as, State Geology and Mining Department, Revenue Department and Public Works Departments. Hence, implementation and monitoring of rules and regulation regarding sand quarrying are not effective. The important task of sand mining therefore, should be entrusted to a SINGLE AGENCY. The Government issued an order vide G.O. Ms. No. 95, Industries (MMC.1) Department, dated. 01.10.2003 to operate sand quarries in by Public Works Department. Accordingly, Sand quarrying operations are being carried out from October 2003 in Nagapattinam District of the Tamil Nadu. Based on the above instructions, the concerned Executive Engineers with their field staff will identify the quarry site considering the availability of sand deposits and sand humps, approach to the site, existing infrastructures, water head works, cross masonry works etc.

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After selecting the site, proposals will be sent to the concerned District Collectors. The sand mining activity carried out by the Public Works Department for the past two years in the district are as follows:-

Sand Quarry approval Sl. Name of Name of Details Lease Taluk Remarks No Quarry River period DEIAA SEIAA Commenced on Lr.No.SEIAA-TN/ 03.03.2016. Mathirivel Rc No:669 1 Sirkali Coleroon - 3 years completed ur /G&M/2013 on Dated:30.07.2015 11.03.2017

Commenced on Lr.No.SEIAA- Mayila 07.06.2017 TN/F.No. Rc No:5 2 Kadakkam duthur Coleroon - 3 years completed /G&M/ 2016 ai on Dated:23.11.2016 20.04.2018

Commenced on Lr.No.SEIAA- Mayila 07.06.2017. TN/F.No. Rc No:4 3 Sidhamalli duthur Coleroon - 3 years completed /G&M/ 2016 ai on Dated:09.11.2016 24.08.2017

Commenced Lr.No.SEIAA- on TN/F.No. Rc 07.06.2017.

4 Vadarangam Sirkali Coleroon No:5958 /EC/1(A) 3 years completed - 2017 on Dated:19.05.2017 23.04.2018

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3.List of Sand Mining Leases in the District:

S.F.No. & Collector’s Bullock Sl. Taluk / Extent in River Proceedings Lease Village Cart / No. Division Hects. Name No. & Date Period Lorry

Rc.No.343/ DEIAA- 4(DIA 369/part - over Colero Work is Mayiladut Mudikondan (TN/MiM/143 an / 4.90.0 on 3 Years In 1. hurai allur 1 39/2018, hect. river progress dated 17.04.2018

Rc.No.343/ DEIAA- 4(DIA 369/part - over Colero Work is Mayiladut Mudikondan (TN/MiM/152 an /4.90.0 on 3 Years In 2. hurai allur 2 70/2018, hect. river progress dated 25.05.2018

Rc.No.343/ DEIAA- 4(DIA 1/part - over Colero Non- Mayiladut Thirucittram (TN/MiM/143 an / on 3 Years Operatio 3. hurai balam 38/2018, 4.90.0hect river n dated 17.04.2018

Rc.No.343/ DEIAA- 4(DIA 321/1(p) - Colero (TN/MiM/143 4. Sirkali Vadarangam over an / on 38/2018, 3 Years Closed 18.00.0 hect river dated 17.04.2018

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4.Details of Revenue received in last three years.

Quantity of Sand Rate/Per Total Sl. Name of Quarried Load in Royalty/Revenue No Quarry in Loads Rupees in Rupees (2unit)

For the year 2016-17

1 Mathirivelur 54248 840 45568320 2 Siddhamalli 9227 840 7750680 3 Mathirivelur 4204.50 840 3531780 Sub Total 67679.50 56850780

For the year 2017-18

1 Siddhamalli 18204 1080 19660320 2 Vadarangam 84920 1080 91713600 3 Kadakkam 72090 1080 77857200 Sub Total 175214 189231120

For the year 2018-19

1 Vadarengam 8628 1080 9318240 2 Kadakkam 222.30 1080 240084 Sub Total 97667.21 9558324 Total 255640224

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5.Details of Production of Sand in last three years.

Quantity of Sand Sl. Name of Quarry Quarried in Loads No (2unit) For the year 2016-17 1 Mathirivelur 54248 2 Siddhamalli 9227 3 Mathirivelur 4204.50 Sub Total 67679.50 For the year 2017-18 1 Siddhamalli 18204 2 Vadarangam 84920 3 Kadakkam 72090 Sub Total 175214 For the year 2018-19 1 Vadarengam 8628 2 Kadakkam 222.30 Sub Total 97667.21

6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District:

River sediment refers to the mixture of mineral matters which are derived from the weathering and erosion of rocks present in the river bed. Breaking down of rocks by a geological agent, here it is a river (flow of water), is called erosion. The erosion of rocks occurs in many ways. Weathering is described as disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to change in physical and chemical conditions of the rock. Sediments are derived by these natural processes. Sediments are subsequently transported by water and/or by the force of gravity acting on the sediments. Sediments become the river’s load and the river transport this loads through its course. Transportation of the sediments depends on the energy of the river. Boulders are transported by traction and are rolled along the bed of 6 the river. Slightly smaller particles, such as pebbles and gravel are transported by saltation. This is where the load bounces along the bed of the river because the river has enough energy to lift the particles off the bed but the particles are too heavy to travel by suspension. Fine particles like clay and silt are transported in suspension; they are suspended in the water. Most of a river’s load is transported by suspension. Solution is a special method of transportation. This is where particles are dissolved into the water so only rocks that are soluble, such as limestone or chalk, can be transported in solution. Deposition occurs when forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and friction which are creating a resistance to motion. To transport load, a river needs to have energy at the same time when a river loses energy, it is forced to deposit its load. One of the following ways, a river could lose its energy:

1. Reduction in the discharge: Reduction in discharge may be due to lack of precipitation and evaporation and abstraction by human activity. 2. Change in the river gradient: If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy.

Much of the material will be carried in suspension and loads in suspension the river banks by abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they form large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend, most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral erosion.

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Schematic diagram of process on meander bend.

On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore be shallow and slow flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and gravels will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood. In Nagapattinam District the Coleroon River and their tributaries are draining and passing through the District. These rivers are perennial in nature.

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7. General Profile of the District:

Nagapattinam district is a coastal district of Tamil Nadu, recently bifurcated from the erstwhile district. This district with Nagapattinam as headquarters occupies about half of the Cauvery delta. Its geographical extent is 2569 sq.km and is situated between North Latitudes (10° 15’: 11° 20’) and East (79° 15’: 79° 50') and above mean sea level (MSL) 9 m. It is bound on the east by

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Bay of Bengal, west by , north by district and south by and comprises Nagapattinam, , , Mayuram, and Tirutturaipundi taluks

REVENUE ADMINISTRATION:

The Nagapattinam district consists of two revenue division namely, Nagapattinam and and eight taluks namely Nagapattinam, , Thrirukkuvalai, , Mayiladuthurai, , Kuttulam and Sirkazhi (Fig.1). Besides that, the district consists of 08 town panchayats and 423 village panchayats.

MEDICAL HEALTH:

The district consists of 25 government hospitals and 53 primary health centers and 258 health sub centers.

POPULATION:

The district consists of total population of 14,88,839, which includes male population is 7,39,064 and female population is 7,49,765. Total house hold rural population is 2,71,827 and urban population is 71,786 and total is 3,43,613.

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Fig No.2: District Map

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8. Land utilisation pattern in the district: Forest, Agricultural Horticultural and Mining etc.

Total geographical area is 2,71,583 hector area in Nagapattinam district. The major portion of the land 1,50,680 hector (55.48 %) is covered by sown (plantation) category. Barren and uncultivable land coverage is under 33,418 hector (12.30 %). Land put to non agriculture land is 47,735 hector (17.6%). Forest area coverage is 4,633 hector (1.7 %).Current fallow and other fallow lands coverage is 9,446 hector (3.47 %) & 16,347 hector (6.02 %). Land under miscellaneous tree crops coverage is 6,381 pastures are 2,097 hector (0.77 %) & 846 (0.31%) respectively.

Fig No.3: Land utilization pattern FOREST: There are 41 forest areas in the Nagapattinam district constituting a total area of 5,311.70 ha with 35 forest areas falling under the Reserve Forest category with 5,037.21 ha and 6 under reserve land category with 274.49 ha Forestry activities in the district are being carried out byWildlife Division, with Wildlife Warden as the administrative head. The division consists of 4 ranges with

12 headquarters at Nagapattinam, Kodiakkarai, and Thanjavur. The basic responsibilities of the division include afforestation activities like raising coastal shelterbelt, greenbelts, restoration, wildlife management and attending to environmental issues. Theimportant forest and wildlife areas in the division includes Wildlifesanctuary. The other important areas are, Tropical dry-evergreen forest covers nearly 15 sq.km of Point Calimere Wildlife sanctuary. The forests are mostly of the nature of scrubland that stands on low sand dunes located on the western half of the sanctuary. Manilkara hexandra, locally called Palai is the most important evergreen species of the sanctuary.

In the sanctuary grasslands the dominant graminoid is Aeluropus lagopoides followed by Sporobulu tremulus and Cressa cretica.The forest is home to 154 species of medicinal plants like Mucuna ruriens,Solanum trilobatum, Tinospora cordifolia Randia dumatorum and Cissus quadrangularis. A forest rest house at Kodiakkarai is available for visitors to the sanctuary.Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary and the Muthupet are the most important forests and wildlife areas of Nagapattinam district.Point CalimereWildlife sanctuary is located 60 km from Nagapattinam and Muthupet mangroves is located 70 km from Nagapattinam. Point Calimere Wildlife sanctuary with a total protected area of 30 sq.km is home to thelargest population of the endemic Blackbuck in . Other animals of the sanctuary include the jackal, spotted deer,jungle cat, feral horses, black napped hare, including a variety of reptiles.

From October to January nearly 90 species of migratory water birds visit the sanctuary and its surroundings. They include Flamingoes, Painted storks, Pelicans, Spoonbills, ducks, teals and a variety of shore birds. The best time to visit the sanctuary for bird watching is November- December. The sanctuary is open to visitors throughout the year. The forests of this division can be divided into

13 two regions from the topography, and flora point of view; the alluvial regions or river in land areas and the coastal regions. River in areas lie on the banks of river and canal in the form of narrow strips. Teak plantations mostly cover these areas, wherever the soil is unsuitable for Dalbergia sisso, Terminalia arjuna and Eucalyptus have been planted in such areas. Although the soil is light and porous with high water table, the forest areas under these zones are subjected to tremendous biotic pressure and at present their poor floristic composition consists of limited number of herb and thorn species.

The present situations do not bring them in any category of Forest type as per Classification of forests made by Champion and Seth 1968. The Coastal regions contain the Casurina plantations, the mangroves and the scrub jungle with the exception of a portion of Point Calimere sanctuary where about 23 sq.km of tropical dry evergreen forests are existing.

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Fig No.4: Forest Map of the District

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AGRICULTURAL:

Nagapattinam District is predominantly an agricultural district. Paddy, the principal crop is grown throughout the year. The other crops are , , groundnuts, pulses and oil seeds. Latest farming techniques are widely being adopted by most of the farmers. HORTICULTURE: Major horticulture crops cultivated in this district are fruits crops like mango, banana, vegetables like tomato, brinjal, bhendi, onion, tapioca and chillies, spices like turmeric, tamarind and chillies, plantation crops like areca nut, vine, flower crops like jasmine, crossandra, chrysanthemum, tuberose and rose and medicinal crops like gloriosa. SOILS: The major part of the district is covered by black clay and isolated patches of brown clay loam in the area bordering the NE boundary of Region are seen. Some patches of Arenacious soils are also found along the coastal line.

MINING: The important major mineral wealth of Nagapattinam district are as follows crude oil (oil & natural gas), silica sand, lime shell, heavy mineral sand (Garnet, Iluminite, Rutile Zircon, Monozite). Crude oil (Oil & Natural gas) exploration and exploitation work carried out by ONGC at different parts/ blocks of Nagapattinam district such as Narimanam, Kuttalam etc., in Cauvery basin. Source: District hand book (2015-16) Pg No:13

9. Physiography of the District:

Nagapattinam lies at 10.77°N 79.83°E. The town is bounded by in the east, Uppanar river in the south, district in the west, Thanjavaur district in the north west

16 and Karaikkal & Puducherry in the north. The town lies in the sea level. The covers an area of 14.92 km2 (5.76 sq mi) Nagapattinam is situated at a distance of 350 km (220 mi) from , 14 km (8.7 mi) from Karaikal, 40 km (25 mi) from Mayiladuthurai, 40 km (25 mi) from , 80 km (50 mi) from Thanjavur and 25 km (16 mi) from Thiruvarur. The town receives an annual rainfall of 350 mm (14 in).

Nagapattinam has a tropical climate during the summer months of March to May. The proximity to the sea results in a high humidity throughout the year, which reaches 70% during August to May. The town has a plain terrain of alluvial soil consisting of sand, silt and clay. Vettar, the tributaries of river Cauvery are the major water bodies. Paddy is the major crop in the region, followed by groundnut, pulses, sugarcane, and sesame. The town is one of the cyclone-prone zones and was devastated during the 2004 tsunami. A very fine layer of high saline soil was deposited in the paddy fields.

10. Climate and Rainfall of the District:

The temperatures various from 40.6 to 19.3° C with sharp fall in night temperaturesduring period. The relative humidity ranges from 70 – 77% and it is high duringthe period of October to November. The district receives rainfall under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoon. A good part of the rainfall occurs as very intensive storms resulting mainly from cyclones generated in the Bay of Bengal especially during northeast monsoon. The district receives rainfall almost throughout the year. The Nagapattinam district yields major rain fall during north east monsoon, the normal rain fall is 908.80 mm and actual rain fall is 969.2 mm. The south west monsoon yields normal rain fall is 265.20 mm and actual rain fall is 250.60 mm. The north east monsoon provided more rain fall than

17 south west monsoon. Besides that month wise rain fall data for Nagapattinam district is provided below.

District Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly 2004 9.5 4.7 10.3 0 337.4 1.7 38.1 2005 2.8 0 8 190 28.3 6.1 34.7 2006 36.7 0 35.7 52.9 40 17.3 4.8

Nagapattinam 2007 0 36.9 0 14.7 5.9 35.9 53.9

2008 64.1 12.4 328.6 8.2 33.7 33.7 19.3 2009 58.3 0 176.5 81.8 29.8 7.3 2.6 2010 57 0 0.1 10.6 100 70.8 31

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 71.2 236.3 639.5 378.5 67.3 1794.5 88.4 161.9 216.1 821 128.8 1686.1 67.7 90.3 456.3 361.7 80.7 1244.1 199.4 72.3 483 159.1 423.4 1484.5 66 56.8 259.3 786.5 188.4 1857 106.4 42.8 133 671.1 536 1845.6 171.2 113.2 151.7 499.8 390.1 1595.5

Source: www. indianwaterportal.org. Table No.1: Rain fall data of Nagapattinam district from 2004 to 2010

Source:http://hydro.imd.gov.in

Note :(1) The District Rainfall in millimeters (R/F) shown below are the arithmatic averages of Rainfall of Stations under the District.

(2) % Dep. are the Departures of rainfall from the long period averages of rainfall for the District.

(3) Blank Spaces show non-availability of Data

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11. Geology & Mineral wealth of the District:

The district can be broadly divided into (i) western gently undulating laterised country, (ii) central alluvial plains of the Cauvery delta, (iii) N-S and E-W trendning fluviomarine deltaic and, (iv) N-S and E-W trending coastal Chenier Plain between Kollidam mouth in the north, Muthupet in the southwest and Vedaranyam in the southwest.

The area forms part of the Cauvery delta with a gently slope towards Bay of Bengal. No surfacial older formation are exposed except for small area around Mannargudi (10° 40’: 79° 29') covered by laterites and lateritic soil over the Cuddalore Formations of Miopliocene age. The rest of the area is represented by Quarternary deposits. The thickness of quarternary sediments increase south of . At Mayuram (11° 06’: 79° 31'), thickness of these sediments is 80 m. These sediments have been delineated as alluvial plain deposits (Cauvery Formation) of the Cauvery river and its distributaries, narrow fluviomarine deltaic plain deposits (Nagapattinam Formation) and marine coastal plain deposits (East Coast Formation). The fluvial deposits comprise flood plain, flood basin, point bar, channel bar and paleo channels with admixtures of sand, silt, clay and gravel. The deltaic plain includes paleo tidal flats with clays and sands and sand ridges of grey brown sand. The marine coastal plains include beach, tidal flats, salt marsh, mangrove swamps, deposits of sand and clay.

The area mapped is extensively covered by river alluvium, reddish-brown sandy soil and windblown, marine sand. The different formations met with are given below in the order of increasing age from bottom to top.

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Recent to sub- Coastal sand, River alluvium, Red, brown and Recent buff sand soil Lateritic gravels.

Tertiary (Mio- Mottled incoherent sandstone (argillaceous) pliocene)

Cuddalore Sandstones White gritty sandstone. Series

Source: Dharmaraj. A, FS 1970-71.

A NW-SE trending deep seated fault is located to the east of Tirutturaipundi (10°31'30”:79°38'30”).Thermal water occurrences near Tirutturaipundi are probably associated with this fault. A major N-S trending fault is also marked along the coast. (Trectnic Map of Indian ONGC, 1968).

12. Drainage System with description of main rivers:

Irrigation by Different Sources Nearly canals serve 80 percent of the total net area irrigated and only the river Cauvery feeds these canals. The Cauvery Delta system is the most ancient of all irrigation schemes in the undivided Thanjavur. This comprises mainly of three important projects. They are the famous Grand Anicut, the Upper Anicut and the Cauvery Vennar Regulator Project.

12.1: Cauvery Basin in Nagapattinam District:

Since 1971, the three major cauvery delta districts in Tamil Nadu- Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam- have seen a massive diversion of farmland to other purposes, an ongoing study at the Madras Institute of Development studies has found. Using data the Indian Space Research Organisation, the study, being authored by water- management expert S.Janakarajan, said in its interim report in September that hundreds of square kilometres of agricultural land has been diverted and built up in the three districts over the last four decades. 20

Further, with the dam- the entry point of the cauvery in Tamil Nadu- blocking the river’s natural flow and vital sediment deposits, the coastal delta district of Nagapattinam has become highly vulnerable to invasion by the sea. Parts of the district could start slipping under the sea in the coming decades if mitigation efforts are not implemented. The delta also assumes significance since a significant shrinkage in area of cultivation could adversely affect food production in Tamil Nadu.

COLEROON RIVER:

The river Coleroon is a major flood carrier branching off from cauvery river at Upper anicut and confluences with Bay of Bengal after traversing a distance of 168.21 Km (100 miles). Normally the flood water received in cauvery will be surplused into Coleroon river at Upper anicut. The surplus water realized in cauvery river at Grand anicut head also be diverted into coleroon through the surplus arrangements and scour vent provided in Grant Anicut.

The Coleroon river is branching off from river cauvery at Upper anicut in Trichy District and traverse to a distance of 168.210 Km (100 miles) through Trichy, , Thanjavur, Nagapattinam and Cuddalore and infalls into Bay of Bengal near Mahendriapalli village in Sirkali Taluk of Nagapattinam District. The Coleroon river sub basin is located in the northern middle part of Tamil Nadu state between the latitudes 11 06’00” - 11023’57” and longitudes 79 024’00” - 79049’00”.

Coleroon river is the only flood carrier for the entire cauvery delta system which branching from cauvery. Cauvery is an inter state river aling with many sub rivers from and states and flows nearly 800 Kms. The entire sflood water from catchment area of river cauvery comprising about 802290 sq.kms passes through the coleroon river. Also during flood occurring and flood water flow in the coleroon drainage carries, a lot of mass of sand silt deposited over the normal bed level for a height of more than 2M in 21

different places. Forming as shoal which restricts the normal flow of flood water. Such a shoals of sand silt find out and quarried the same by forming a river sand quarry at this place. Presently six places of huge height of shoal of sand silt has found out and necessary action are being taken out for quarrying for the sand for free flow of water. Bank erosion is occurred in coleroon river mainly due to instability of banks and the shoal of sand silt format restricted the normal flow of flow of flow water.

Name of the Area drained % Area drained in Sl.No. River (Sq.km) the District

1 Coleroon 46000 32

13. Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:

Total Name of the Sl. Length in Altitude River (or) Place of Origin No. the District at Origin Stream (in Km)

Upper Dam across 1 Coleroon River 42 cauvery, Trichy 73 m District

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Average Mineable Length of width of Area mineral Area Area Recomme Portion of the potential Recommen Recommen nded for River or Stream (in metric Sl. ded for ded for Mineral Recommended tonne) Mineral Mineral Concessio No. for Mineral (60% of Concession Concession n (in Concession total (in (in square mineral Kilometer) meters) meter) potential)

Kadakkam Village 1 0.650 300 195000 578799 in Coleroon River

Siddhamalli Village 2 0.600 300 180000 534276 in Coleroon River

Vadarangam 3 Village in Coleroon 0.600 300 180000 737810 River

Mathirivelur Village 4 0.800 250 200000 467620 in Coleroon River

14. Sand Mineral Potential:

Name of Total Mineable Sl: Name of River Sand (MT) Mineral Village No Potential (MT) @ L.S (in Km)

Coleroon @ L.S 1 Mathirivelur 848057 848057 141.200 km

Coleroon @ L.S 2 Agareluthur 678445 678445 135.200 km

Coleroon @ L.S 3 Vadarangam 848057 848057 136.100 km

4 Coleroon @ L.S 1017668 1017668 116.000 km Narimuduku

5 Coleroon @ L.S 636042 633042 120.000 km Kadambakkam

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