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CHESHIRE in the GREAT CIVIL WAR. by A. M. Robinson, F.R.G.S

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CHESHIRE in the GREAT CIVIL WAR. by A. M. Robinson, F.R.G.S CHESHIRE IN THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. By A. M. Robinson, F.R.G.S. Read 7 til November, 1895. f^HESHIRE took a prominent part in the great v~^ struggle between King and Parliament, and Cheshire men influenced the course of English history more than would he anticipated from the geographical position of the county, or its size or its population. Whilst the King was at York, at the end of May, 1642, with thirty-two peers against forty-two who remained at Westminster, the Houses passed an ordinance for settling the Militia in such hands as they could confide in. The King, how­ ever, charged this to be against law, and required none should yield obedience thereto. He issued his Commissions of Array to the respective coun­ ties, appointing several persons of quality to array, train, and muster the people. This commission the Houses declared to be unlawful. As Rushworth says, the persons in the counties, acting by these opposite authorities, had many bickerings one with another. The King's proclamation given at York, 20th June, 1642, informed " all our loving subjects " of the lawfulness of our Commissions of Array, " issued into the several counties of our realm of " England and dominion of Whiles, and com- " manding them to obey our commissions therein 138 Cheshire in the great Civil War. " named." Both Houses of Parliament issued, on the ist July, 1642, a long " declaration" to prove the illegality of the King's action. And according to Hallam, the King's Commission of Array, al­ though not strictly conformable to law, was " justi- " fiable, as the means of opposing the Parlia- " merit's ordinance for the militia, at least equally " illegal." It appears that during June, July, and August of that year, " petitions " against the im­ pending resort to arms were addressed to the King by the county palatine of Lancaster, and by other counties, and were all duly and separately acknow­ ledged by his Majesty's order. Cheshire did not volunteer any such petition, but waited the course of events. On Monday, August 22nd, 1642, his Majesty left his forces before Coventry and, with some lords and others in company, rode to Leicester, where he dined at the Abbey, the Countess of Devonshire's house. After dinner, again took horse and rode to Nottingham, where was great preparation for setting up his standard that day. The standard was taken out of the castle and carried into the field, a little on the back side of the castle wall. The likeness of the standard was much of the fashion of the city streamers used at the Lord Mayor's Show, having about twenty supporters : on the top of it hangs a flag, the King's arms quartered with a hand pointing to the crown, which stands above with this motto, " Give Caesar his " due." But efforts by men of light and leading to circumscribe the area of war still continued. In some counties, as in Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire, there was an endeavour to make an association of neutrality. Lord Fairfax, Mr. Bel- lasis, Sir William Savile, and others in Yorkshire sent the heads thereof on the 2gth September, 1642, to Parliament, but in vain. Parliament, by Cheshire in the great Civil War. 139 a formal declaration in October, ordered that no such neutrality be observed. And so the eventful struggle proceeded. A rare and valuable collection of Civil War tracts relating to Cheshire, which has lately been secured for the Birkenhead Free Library, throws a good deal of light on the inner working of events con­ nected with the county. They range from 1642 to 1659. No. i is a folio broadsheet, printed in London by Edward Husbands and John Frank, and is dated 20 July, 1642, a month before Charles raised the Royal Standard at Notting­ ham. It is a " Declaration of the Citizens and Inhabitants of " the City of Chester whose names are subscribed summoned to " appear before his Majesties Commissioners for the Array at the " Roodey within the liberties of the said city for their cleer " manifestation of their Allegiance to his Majesty, and duty to " his parliament," and appears to be a well-meant protest against the civil war into which the nation was drifting: pointing out that " in the Cordiall Union of his Majestic and his Parliament " consists the safety glory and the happiness of the Kingdom," &c. No names are in fact attached to the document; but it was " delivered by the Citizens of Chester to His Majesties Commis- " sioners for the Writ of Array." No. 2 is the "Advice and Direction of Both Houses " of Parliament to Sir William Brereton and to the rest of the " Deputy Lieutenants for the County of Chester with orders of ' the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament for the " regulating of those Souldiers that are gon or shall goe under " the Command of His Excellency Robert Earle of Essex Lord " Generall for this Expedition," and was printed in London under date 19 August, 1642, by order of both Houses. Commencing with the argumentative preamble that the King, "Seduced by " Wicked Counsell intends to make War against the Parliament," it proceeds to give in six pages highly practical orders and instruc­ tions both as to the discipline of the forces, and as to the action to be taken against the " Popish Recusants in Cheshire who did " not confine themselves to their dwellings according to the " Statute in that case provided," &c., &c. No. 3 is a brief order, printed in London, by order of the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament, on the 2nd September, 1642, "for the Suppressing of Publike Stage Playes " throughout the Kingdome during these Calamitous Times." 140 Cheshire in the great Civil War. It recites in quaint language that " Whereas publike sports doe " not well agree with Publike Calamities nor Publike Stage Playes " with Seasons of Humiliation this being an exercise of Sad and " pious Solemnity and the other being Spectacles of Pleasure too " commonly expressing lacivious mirth and levitie," " It is there- " fore ordeined," &c., "that Stage Playes shall cease and bee " forborne," &c. " Instead of which are recommended to the " prople of this land the profitable and seasonable Considerations " of Repentance, Reconciliation and peace with God," &c., &c. No. 4 embodies two declarations of the Houses of Parlia­ ment, one concerning the release of certain Ministers in Cheshire, imprisoned for refusing to obey the illegal Commission of Array ; the other for the Appropriation of Delinquents' fines; printed in London by order on the gth September, 1642. The names of the Ministers are not given; but their discharge is ordered. Incidentally, as a postscript, the Lord General is re­ quested to "take special care for the restraining and punishing " disorders in the Souldiers according to the custome of War " ; so complaints had evidently been made by the peaceable Cheshire folk as to the want of discipline in the Parliamentary forces stationed in their midst. No. 5. The indecisive battle of Edge Hill where, in fact, the moral advantage rested with the King took place, it will be remembered, on the 23rd October, 1642, about six weeks after the issue of the above Parliamentary paper ; and our next is headed " Neutrality condemned by declaring the reasons why " the Deputy Lieutenants intrusted by the Parliament for " Cheshire cannot agree to the Treaty of Pacification made by " that County. And may serve to prevent the like in other "Counties." It was printed in London for Henry Overtoil, and " are to be sold at his shop in Pope's Head Alley, "December 6, 1642." It is a closely-printed pamphlet of eight pages, in the style so admirably travestied by Scott in his Feveril of the Peak and in Woodslock. The argument is difficult to follow. There is a good deal of reference to the Old Testa­ ment as a matter of course, and the author was apparently proud of his acquaintance with dog Latin. A brief quotation or two will, however, no doubt, be sufficiently entertaining for this Society : " Doe we not finde Abraham and Lot, Paul and Bar- " nabas, contending and divisions 'twixt the nearest relations '' occasioned even by the Prince and Gospell of peace when in " the meantime we see Simeon and Levi. Fratres in malo the " rulers taking councell. Sanballat and Tobiah conspiring to- " gether and the Jews unanimously crying out ' Crucifiye,' and all " against our Saviour and his living temples. Peace therefore in " itselfe is like riches," &c, &c. " It is observable that things of Cheshire in the great Civil War. 141 " the neuter gender are without life . bats are beasts when " they are upon the earth and birds when in the ayre, but these " men are altogether unresolved how to name themselves: in a " time of peace they can be content like the planet Mercury even " to follow the motion of that starre to which they are conjoined, " but in dayes of triall this Proteus cannot hide himselfe under "the variety of shapes," &c., &c. "The well affected of this " country to the proceedings of Parliament being jealous of the " safety of their religion lawes and liberties and withall weary of " their taskmasters resolved to get up and be doing and to couch " no longer like Issachar betwixt their burdens. In number and " strength they presently exceed their adversaries which makes " their opposers first flie for refuge to Chester and being there for " policy to the Bishop's Palace at the desire no doubt of the " Popish party who conceived that what came from thence was e cathedra and not capable of errour or miscarriage." No sooner had the new Governour taken possession of his place but some of the people wondering to see another sun in their
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