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I Am America: the Chicago Defender on Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, and Civil Rights, 1934-1975

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I Am America: the Chicago Defender on Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, and Civil Rights, 1934-1975 Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 4-24-2014 12:00 AM I Am America: The Chicago Defender on Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, and Civil Rights, 1934-1975 Nevada Cooke The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Robert K. Barney The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Nevada Cooke 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cooke, Nevada, "I Am America: The Chicago Defender on Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, and Civil Rights, 1934-1975" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2027. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2027 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I AM AMERICA The Chicago Defender on Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, and Civil Rights, 1934-1975 Thesis format: Monograph by Nevada Ross Cooke Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Nevada Cooke 2014 ABSTRACT This study examines the effect that the careers of Joe Louis and Muhammad Ali had on civil rights and race relations in the United States between 1934 and 1975 from the perspective of the black community, as interpreted through a qualitative analysis of the content provided by the Chicago Defender’s editorial posture and its black readership. Primary source material was divided into four categories – general news, general editorials, sports editorials, and reader contribution – and analyzed for each boxer’s career. The results of this primary source analysis were significant in that they contradict many current beliefs. The findings indicate that Joe Louis’ career had a positive effect on race relations and civil rights. As well, the findings indicate that Muhammad Ali’s career had a neutral effect on race relations and civil rights, presenting a balance between positive and negative effects. KEYWORDS Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, Cassius Clay, boxing, effect, black, civil rights, race relations, Chicago Defender, qualitative analysis, sports editorial ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I owe a deep debt to my advisor, Bob Barney. You’ve inspired and carried me for quite some time now, and for that I both thank you and apologize. Onwards and upwards, I suppose. To my examining and supervisory committees – Ken Kirkwood, Bob La Rose, and Darwin Semotiuk – thank you. Your criticism made everything clearer, stronger, and better. Michael Heine, thank you for keeping the peace. To the staff of the Western library, thank you for the help and suggestions, and thank you for doing a wonderful, enthusiastic job. It does get noticed. And to Liz Desjardins, thank you for scouring the country to find me my newspaper. To the staff at the Western grad office – specifically Lindsay Stark and Jacqui Saunders – thanks for doing a wonderful job. Dave Humphreys and Liza Stathokostas, thanks for the support. Janice Forsyth and Coach Mike Richards, thanks for the reference letters that allowed all this to take place. To all the scholars and writers who came before me that received mention in the bibliography, thank you. Your work made mine possible. Finally, to my family and friends: thank you. To my parents, John and Greta, thanks for letting me make my own way, even if you didn’t always let me. To Taryn, thanks for the love and support. And to Humphrey Cornwallis, thanks for not letting me get any work done. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi Preface .............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Blacks in Sport and Boxing ............................................................................................. 4 Research Question ......................................................................................................... 10 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 10 Delimitations ................................................................................................................. 12 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 12 Organization of the Study .............................................................................................. 13 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 14 Secondary Sources ......................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: The Life and Times of Joe Louis ................................................................ 23 The State of the Art ....................................................................................................... 23 The State of Coloured Affairs: Emancipation to 1952 .................................................. 32 Joe Louis ........................................................................................................................ 36 Chapter 3: The Life and Times of Muhammad Ali ..................................................... 43 The State of Coloured Affairs: 1952 to 1975 ................................................................ 43 Cassius Clay .................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 4: The Chicago Defender ................................................................................. 55 The Need for Black News ............................................................................................. 56 The Birth of the Chicago Defender ............................................................................... 59 Competition for Influence ............................................................................................. 66 Defending the Defender ................................................................................................. 68 Chapter 5: The Data ....................................................................................................... 79 The Joe Louis Era: 1934-1952 ....................................................................................... 80 The Muhammad Ali Era: 1960-1975 ............................................................................. 99 Chapter 6: Conclusion And Epilogue ......................................................................... 112 Interpretation and Analysis .......................................................................................... 112 Contrasts and Comparisons ........................................................................................ 115 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 116 Epilogue ....................................................................................................................... 117 Future Recommendations ............................................................................................ 119 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 121 Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................... 129 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: N.W. Ayer Circulation Statistics, 1920-1975 ..................................................... 75 Table 2: The “Ambulatory” Defender .............................................................................. 77 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Southern Circulation of the Chicago Defender ................................................. 73 Figure 2: Chicago Defender vs. Pittsburgh Courier Circulation ..................................... 76 Figure 3: "Ambulatory" Defender vs. Rival Circulation .................................................. 77 vi PREFACE The title of this paper – “I Am America” – is taken from one of Muhammad Ali’s many sound bites, this specific one with regard to his victory over Floyd Patterson in 1965. Ali stated after the fight that he was not just trying to beat Patterson, but everyone he believed to be supporting Patterson: “I am America. Only, I’m the part you won’t recognize.
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