7"MCRUP1g41 FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE
Translation Series_No. 3325
Deep-water inhabitants (of the lower sublittoral and bathyal) which do not r.ise.to the surface - Phylum Rossia
by K.N. Nesis
Original title: Obitateli glubin.(nizhnei sublitorali i batiali) ne podnimayu-shchiyesya k poverkhnosti - tip Ross la
From: Zoology of Invertebrates - Commercial Molluscs,_2(24,23), 1973
Translated by the Translation Bureau(NDE) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada
Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service 'Biological Station St. John's, Nfld. 1974
4 pages typescript I -..
DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT
TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS
MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES
Fr.« 3 c2i aS TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Russian English AUTHOR - AUTEUR
TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Deep-water inhabitants (of the lover sublitt oral and bathyal) 'which do not rise to the surface - Phylum Eossia
TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS) Obitateli glubin (nizhnei sublitorali i batiali) ne podnimayu- shchiyesya k poverkhnosti - tip Rossia
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REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS 'Zoology of Invertebrates - ComLercial
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BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE . TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) NO DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 676497 Russian N. De. ig 27 197.5
Zoology of Invertebrates - Commercial Molluscs, 1973, . • ,, r.Q7 inro:)71'.1;3: pp. 22, 23 TRADLX:11C-N (22)* Informeion 5c-.1:1.2nve.x1 1.2.1.2.2. Deep-water inhabitants (of the lower sublittoral and bathyal)
which do not rise to the surface - Phylum Rossia
Rossia, Semirossia, Neorossia, Austrorossia, Sepiolina, Stoloteuthis,
Iridioteuthis, Nectoteuthis
These are small animais, but on the average larger than those of the
previous group. The mantle is usually firm; only in certain species (R. moelleri,
R. mollicella) is it flabby and soft to the touch. The skin is smooth, more
rarely tuberculate (e.g. R. palpebrosa). The fins as a rule are large; in
certain species (Iridioteuthis, Stoloteuthis) they are so large that the animal
resembles a butterfly. In Neorossia caroli the ink sac is completely reduced,
this being the only case among cuttlefishes. All the members of this group,
except for Rossia, Austrorossia and Neorossia, have light organs. The species
of the Rossiinae sub-family are of uniform colour; Heteroteuthinae on the
The numbers in the right-hand margin are the pages of the Russian text - translator
SOS-200-10-31 I
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contrary are bright and variegated, especially below, and iridesce beautifully.
These animals live in the lower sublittoral and upper bathyal. The
Rossia and Semirossia species in the Arctic and moderate cold-water regions of
both hemispheres sometimes rise into the upper sublittoral. These species
are usually extremely eurybathic (R. pacifica has been detected at depths of
16-1350 m, R. palpebrosa at 13-1250 m), but prefer depths of over 100 m. All
the other species are strictly bathyal, primarily upper- or mid-bathyal. They
live on silt, silty sand and less frequently on sand, singly or in groups.
They swim about mostly with the help of their fins. Apparently Rossia burrow
into the ground like the Sepiola. Their basic food is probably near-bottom
crustaceans. Their method of hunting is to steal up to their prey. Migrations,
if they take place, are short. They spawn in deep water. The spermatophores
are transferred into the mantle cavity of the female. The eggs are large,
benthic and are deposited singly or in small groups, amounting to several dozen
in all. R. palpebrosa hides its eggs in the tissues of sponges, usually
Mycale, less frequently Reniera, Thenea and others; other species deposit their
eggs on rocks, shells, corals, etc. The incubation period is lengthy, the
young are benthic and there is no pelagic stage. The life span is possibly
1-2 years. The Rossia species survive quite well in aquariums. (Boletzky,
1970, 1971; Haneda, 1965; Jaeckel, 1958; Mangold-Wirz, 1963 a, b; G. Voss,
1967).
1.2.2. Benthopelagic and pelagic animals (23)
These inhabit the near-bottom layer of water, but do not usually descend
to the bottom, except during the period of oviposition. They include the
neritic squids - Loliginidae. • ■•lt , 3
1.2.2.1. Inhabitants of the coastal shallows -
Phylum Sepioteuthis
These consist of one genus - Sepioteuthis. In outer appearance and
ecologically they resemble cuttlefish, the only essential difference being
that they have no hydrostatic device (a shell) and spend their whole life
on the move. They are of average size, have a muscular body and very long
fins extending the entire length of their body. In a quiescent state they
are a semi-transparent white or bluish with vivid white or coloured spots
and stripes. The squids can easily and quite freely change their colour, and
have a protective and scaring "mask". They have no light organs.
They live in coral reefs, on growths of sea algae, as well as on
sand and shells adjacent to shore. They usually move about in small concentrations;
sometimes, especially during the reproduction period, they gather in schools.
These are active, quick and highly maneuvrable squids. They move about with
the help of a funnel and fins. These are driving and pursuing predators.
Their young devour mysids, small decapods and young fishes, while the mature
squids prey on small schooled fishes, shrimps and squids. They prefer the
largest of the prey they are able to cope with. They do not usually feed on
benthic foods. They perform short foraging and spawning migrations within
the coastal zone. Spawning takes place very close to shore; this is preceded
by ritual "tournaments" among the males and "courting". The males are larger
than the females and grow more rapidly. The spermatophores are transferred
to the buccal membrane of the female by a hectocotylized arm. The eggs are
larger than in other squids and are grouped in capsules resembling a bean
pod. The capsules are deposited in small clusters under rocks, on shells,
corals, branches of trees, blades of grass, algae, etc. The fecundity of - r
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these squids is several hundred eggs. The period of incubation lasts 3-6
weeks. The larvae are benthopelagic and pelagic and develop rapidly. Maturity
sets in at the age of 6-12 months.