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Upper Palaeozoic Floras of SE Asia 73 Upper Palaeozoic Floras of SE Asia

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Upper Palaeozoic Floras of SE Asia 73 Upper Palaeozoic Floras of SE Asia Upper Palaeozoic floras of SE Asia 73 Upper Palaeozoic floras of SE Asia J F Rigby School of Natural Resource Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Box 2434, GPO Brisbane, 4001, Australia Key words: SE Asia, floras, Upper Palaeozoic, Cathaysialand, Gondwanaland Abstract Edwards (1948) reported Lepidodendron and Stigmaria from Pahang, West Malaysia (Fig1, Small Carboniferous floras of limited significance occur in near locality 6) Edwards (1926) reported Thailand and West Malaysia They are related to the Pecopteris sp cf P+ cyathea (Schlotheim) pantropical Cathaysian and/or Laurasian floras Extensive Permian floras are known from Thailand, Laos, West Malay- Brongniart 1833 and Cordaites sp from the sia, Sumatra and Irian Jaya and these floras were substan- Raub Series of Kelantan (NE state of West tially related to Cathaysian floras However, some floras Malaysia) from Irian Jaya and Thailand include one or more species of Asama (1973) described two Lower Carbonif- the Gondwanaland genus Glossopteris When the distribu- erous (Visean) floral localities from Pahang, also tions are plotted on a reconstruction for SE Asia prepared by Carey, requirements are met for proximity to centres for ra- within the Raub Series, which he named the diation of both Cathaysian and Gondwanan floras Kuantan flora His Locality A at Panching (NW of Kuantan, Fig1, loc 6) yielded only lycopods: Lepidodendron acuminatum Goeppert 1847; Introduction Bergeria sp; Lepidodendropsis vandergrachtii Jongmans, Gothan and Darrah 1937; Stigmaria Upper Palaeozoic floras have been described sp His Locality B at Gambang (SW of Kuantan) from SE Asia The variety and distribution of yielded fern-like foliage and a seed: Rhodea these floras suggest that more occurrences may hsianghsiangensis Sze 1953, ?Adiantites sp, be found in the future as localities are rare, and ?Neuropteris sp, Carpolithus sp spread over a very large area which has not Asama et al (1975) included some additional been fully explored geologically Permian floras specimens from Trengganu (state adjoining have palaeogeographical significance for places Pahang to the north) and Pahang referring the outside the area because of the association of identifications to Franks, but omitting the refer- Cathaysian and Gondwanan species and the ence: Lepidodendron sp, Rhodea sp, Spheno- presence of endemic species phyllum sp They compared the Kuantan flora to the floras of the Kaolishan Formation of Jiangsu and the Tseshui Formation of Hunan, Carboniferous floras both in the Visean of southern China, in Wu (1995) I consider the data to be somewhat too Despite the presence of extensive Carbonifer- generalized for precise correlation, however the ous floras in neighbouring Yunnan and Guangxi, Early Carboniferous age is without doubt China, they are not well represented in SE Asia Laveine et al (1993) described some plants This may reflect the smaller number of geologi- from the Na Duang coal mine area of NE Thai- cal investigations undertaken in parts of SE Asia land (Fig1, loc 2) which they considered as Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, pp 73-82 Edited by Robert Hall and Jeremy D Holloway © 1998 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands 74 J+ F+ Rigby Fig1 The distribution of localities throughout SE Asia 1 Northern Laos: Nam-Ou (northerly), Phong-Saly (central), Bun-Tai (southern) The position of other localities in Laos is not known 2 Na Duang 3 Loei 4 Phetchabun 5 Jengka 6 Kuantan 7 Linggiu 8 Jambi 9 Rigbys 1997 localities, Irian Jaya 10 Jongmans 1940 localities, Irian Jaya The quality of the locality data is variable, often based on data supplied by field workers representative of the Middle Carboniferous Permian floras pantropical Paripteris flora Their Fig2 shows the floras distribution Their provisional species Floras from West Malaysia, Sumatra and Thailand list included: Stigmaria ficoides Brongniart, Lepidodendron sp, arborescent lepidophytes Extensive Permian floras occur in many parts of with large ulodendroid scars, ?Bothrodendron SE Asia Asama et al (1975, table 2) have assem- sp, Archaeocalamites sp, Rhodeopteridium sp bled distribution data from occurrences in Ma- cf R+ tenuis (Gothan) Zimmermann, ?Rhodeopte- laya, Sumatra and Thailand Table 1 is an edited ridium sp, Adiantites sp cf A+ spectabilis Read, version of some of their data which extend over Eusphenopteris sp cf E+ hollandica (Gothan 8 pages Their table includes distribution within and Jongmans) Novik, ?Cordaites sp This asso- the Cathaysian Permian and comparison with ciation confirms that northern Thailand lay extra-Chinese floras as well as the 66 species within the Carboniferous tropics occurring only at localities near Jambi (Djambi) Upper Palaeozoic floras of SE Asia 75 in Sumatra, which have been listed separately in identified Dadoxylon roviengense Vozenin-Serra Table 2, below Permian floras from Irian Jaya 1985 and D saxonicum (Goeppert) Frentzen 1931, (Western New Guinea) which are not closely both of which lacked pronounced growth rings related to the floras listed in Tables 1 and 2 are She noted that this characteristic was typical of discussed separately under Permian floras of trees growing under a tropical or subtropical re- New Guinea gime The Jambi flora Upper Permian floras from Thailand Many fossil plant localities were discovered in Konno (1963) described a small flora from the Jambi district in central Sumatra, Indonesia Khlong Wang Ang, about 50 km SSW of during the Dutch administration An earlier suite Phetchabun (see Fig1, locality 12, in Iwai et al, of almost 200 slabs collected by A Tobler was 1966, for location data), identified from five described by Jongmans and Gothan (1925) A small pieces of black shales He commented second, very much larger suite of 487 slabs was that the specimens were not very favourable in collected by O Posthumus, and also described preservation His identifications included: by Jongmans and Gothan (1935) Table 1 lists Taeniopteris hallei Kawasaki 1931, T+ sp cf T+ the species identified from Jambi also occurring serrulata Kawasaki (non Halle) (both these spe- elsewhere in SE Asia, whereas Table 2 lists spe- cies are present in the approximately Kungurian cies identified only from Jambi A map showing Upper Jido Series in Korea); Sphenophyllum the positions for the collecting localities spread trapaefolium Stockmans and Matthieu 1957 over an area of 30 x 17 km was given by (Konnos photo (Plate 8, Fig5) suggests the Jongmans and Gothan (1935, map 1) These au- specimen was distorted: it occurs in the approxi- thors have assembled the localities into six re- mately Kazanian Kobosan Series of Korea); gions, generally along stream valleys within the Palaeovittaria parvifolia Konno 1963; area, listing the species distribution Glossopteris sp cf G+ angustifolia Brongniart Most of these regions contributed floras of 20 1828 (the figured fragment is small, but has the or more species with most occurring in more distinctive glossopterid venation) The remain- than one region Even if one re-identifies speci- ing species were endemic: Bowmanites sp, mens into more broadly defined species, the Alethopteris thailandica Konno 1963, and total flora is still very large and varied The most Poacordaites phetchabunensis Konno 1963 striking features are the considerable variety of Asama (1966) subsequently collected from ferns and fern-like foliage, the variety of the same locality identifying specimens as Taeniopteris spp, and the number of Cordaites Sphenophyllum phetchabunensis Asama 1966, spp These indicate a Cathaysian affinity Asama Pecopteris sp, Compsopteris wongii (Halle) et al (1975) have also demonstrated a strong Zalessky 1934 (= Protoblechnum wongii), Laurasian affinity for the total flora The first col- Taeniopteris thailandica Asama 1966, T+ lection (Jongmans and Gothan, 1925) had affin- nystroemlii Halle 1927, T+ konnoi Asama 1966, ity only with Laurasia, lacking any Cathaysian T+ hallei Kawasaki 1934, T+ iwaii Asama 1966, species There was no suggestion of correlation Taeniopteris sp, Cordaites principalis (Germar) with coeval floras of Gondwanaland Geinitz 1855, Poacordaites linearis GrandEury Jongmans and Gothan dated the earlier col- 1877 (Asama included Konnos P+ phetchabunensis lection (1925) as Carboniferous based on the as a synonym), Psygmophyllum komalarjunii floras apparent Laurasian aspect The much Asama 1966, Psygmophyllum? sp, Samaropsis sp larger, second collection (1935) also appeared Asama (1966) drew attention to aspects of the to be more Carboniferous than Permian, but a flora, including the variety of the Taeniopteris limestone underlying the two plant horizons species present, 3 large and 3 small leaved spe- yielded fusulinids dating the limestone as Mid- cies Taylor and Taylor (1993, p599) have ob- dle Asselian to Sakmarian, most probably Late served In the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian of Asselian (Vachard, 1989) Kansas), Taeniopteris foliage has been found Brouwer (1931) quoted Tobler as listing the with small seeds attached to the abaxial surface, occurrence of Dadoxylon above the plant-bear- suggesting affinities with the cycads In the ing horizons Vozenin-Serra (1985) studied Mesozoic, however, the taxon has been associ- some woods from Jambi that may have included ated with the bennettitalean Williamsoniella It specimens from the earlier collections She is possible that the two groups of Taeniopteris 76 J+ F+ Rigby Table 1 Distribution of Permian floras in Malaya, Sumatra and Thailand modified and edited from Table 2 of Asama et al
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