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Final Copy 2020 11 26 Lim J P Phd This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Lim, Paolo Title: U.S. colonisation of the Philippines interests, ideas and institutions and the politics of economic and political liberalisation (1898- 1916) General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. US COLONISATION OF THE PHILIPPINES: INTERESTS, IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS AND THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL LIBERALISATION (1898-1916) Jose Paolo Lim A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law. School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies, July 2020. WORD COUNT: 94,392 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... 5 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ......................................................................................................... 8 PART I – SETTING THE STAGE .........................................................................................................9 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 10 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................. 10 THE UNITED STATES: A UNIQUE COLONISER .................................................................. 10 EUROPEAN COLONIAL EXPERIENCES: A BRIEF SUMMARY ....................................... 11 THESIS’ MAIN FOCUS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SIGNIFICANCE ................................. 14 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW: SITUATING EXISTING STUDIES ABOUT US COLONISATION OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE FRAMEWORKS ..................................... 17 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 17 REVIEW OF APPROACHES TO COLONIAL CONTROL ..................................................... 18 CHALLENGES AND QUESTIONS POSED BY 'NON-WESTERN' LITERATURES ... 30 EDUCATION AND COLONIALISM .............................................................................................. 34 CONCLUSION: SITUATIING THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS....................... 37 CHAPTER III: INTERESTS, INSTITUTIONS, AND IDEAS: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ............................................................................................... 40 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 40 INTERESTS, INSTITUTIONS, AND IDEAS: USEFUL BUT INSUFFICIENT IN THEMSELVES ........................................................................................................................................ 40 INTERACTION AMONG THE IDEAS, INTERESTS, AND INSTITUTIONS ............... 46 POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO PHILIPPINE CASE .......................................................... 49 METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE ............................................................................................ 56 PART II – EARLY SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................... 60 CHAPTER IV: PRE-AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES: A FOUNDATION FOR OTHER INTERESTS, IDEAS, AND INSTITUTIONS ....................... 61 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 61 PRE-HISPANIC INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................. 62 EARLY SPANISH INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL SETTINGS ................................................. 63 THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH .......................................................................................................... 67 EDUCATION AND CONNECTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH ......................................... 67 EARLY CONCLUSIONS FROM THE PRE-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ............................. 68 EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY SPANISH COLONY ............................ 68 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO................................ 69 ISSUES WITH SHARECROPPERS .............................................................................................. 70 OTHER SOURCES OF PROBLEMS IN THE COLONY .......................................................... 72 INSURGENCIES AND REVOLUTION ......................................................................................... 73 PRE-AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS AND POTENTIAL CONNECTION WITH OTHER IDEAS AND INTERESTS: A REVIEW ........................................................................................ 73 CONCLUSION, REFLECTIONS, AND FURTHER CONNECTIONS ................................. 75 CHAPTER V: ACQUIRING AND KEEPING THE PHILIPPINES ........................................... 77 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 77 THE PHILIPPINES: AN INITIAL AFTERTHOUGHT ........................................................... 78 Is STEMMING FROM THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR ................................................... 78 Is INVOLVED IN ECONOMIC EXPANSION ........................................................................... 84 OTHER Is INVOLVED ....................................................................................................................... 88 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 89 2 CHAPTER VI: PHILIPPINE ORGANIC ACT: POLITICAL ASPECTS AND 3IS IN ITS ESTABLISHMENT .................................................................................................................................... 92 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 92 IDEAS, INTERESTS, AND INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO THE ORGANIC ACT PASSAGE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 92 EXECUTIVE VISIONS FOR INSULAR GOVERNMENT ...................................................... 94 CONGRESSIONAL OPINION, HEARING AND DELIBERATIONS ............................... 96 MOVES TO INCLUDE FILIPINOS FOR GOVERNANCE ..................................................... 97 ESTABLISHMENT OF PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY ................................................................... 99 IDEAS, INSTITUTIONS, AND INTERESTS REVISITED: AN ANALYSIS ................ 99 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 108 PART III – MOTIVES FOR MATERIAL IMPROVEMENTS ................................................... 109 CHAPTER VII: AMERICAN EFFORTS FOR IMPROVING MATERIAL CONDITIONS (1898-1916) I: USING IDEAS, INSTITUTIONS, AND INTERESTS TO TRACE THE MOTIVATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL REFORMS ..................................................................... 110 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 110 EDUCATION AND COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 111 SECURITY INTERESTS AND CONTEXT ................................................................................. 111 IDEAS OF WHAT THE FILIPINO PEOPLE WERE AND NEEDED TO BE ................ 112 ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN EDUCATION ............................................................................. 116 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................................
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