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Qt9h49x72k Nosplash 785C277 Copyright (2009) by Benjamin Hallam Hickler ii Acknowledgements and Dedication So many people and animals contributed to this project that it would be impossible to thank every body individually. The seeds of this project were planted during conversations at several universities in Australia and have since grown beyond the peculiar political ecology of Greater Mekong Subregion to include work with people as dispersed as East Timor, New York City, Manila, Geneva, Paris, and Rome. I am especially indebted to early conversations I had with Dr. Stephen Prowse of the Australian Biosecurity Collaborative Research Centre (AB-CRC), established by the Australian government in the wake of the SARS epidemic. AB-CRC was funding the education of graduate students from Asia at Murdoch University in Perth, training them in veterinary epidemiology, biosecurity (animal disease control), and animal health. Dr. Prowse suggested I spend time with the cohort currently being trained in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences run by the former director of the Southeast Asian Foot-and-Mouth Disease program (SEAFMD), Dr. John Edwards. The faculty at Murdoch were gracious enough to allow me to join the cohort as a visiting scholar, saying that the inclusion of an anthropologist fit with the vision of the program to better integrate human and veterinary sciences. I attended weekly graduate seminars in veterinary epidemiology with students from North and South China, Malaysia, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Burma (Myanmar), Somalia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as two Europeans who participated in the seminar via Skype from World Animal Health Organization (OIE) offices in Paris and Bangkok. Most of the students were veterinarians in their home countries and several already had senior posts in government ministries. I am indebted to each and every student in that seminar. I would especially like to thank Dr. K from Burma, a high-ranking veterinary official and self-styled anthropologist who developed a technique for using traditional men’s meetings as a vehicle for gathering and disseminating information about FMD. At FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO-RAP) I would like to thank many people, especially: Michael Pizzari, Communications Support Specialist (ECTAD), Dr. Christine Ahlers, Animal Production Officer (ECTAD), Dr. Carolyn Anne C. Benigno, Animal Health Officer (FAORAP), and Dr. Laurie Gleeson, (now former) Regional Manager (ECTAD), Anthony Burnett, Communications Support Specialist (ECTAD), and Naoko Sakai, Operations Officer (ECTAD). Special thanks to Domingo “Jim” Caro, Communications Officer, Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases in the GMS Project (GMS- TAD) who was an ongoing source of support and better understanding of regional activities. At the FAO country office in Vietnam I would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Gilbert, AI Senior Technical Coordinator (FAO Vietnam), and Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, Information Officer for Avian Influenza (FAO Vietnam). Special thanks to Dr. Ronello Abila, Regional Coordinator for the SEAFMD Campaign. Thanks also to Stephane Forman, Technical Adviser on Animal iii Disease Surveillance (SEAFMD), Nichola “Nicky” Hungerford, Communications Officer (SEAFMD), and Dr. Polly Cocks at the OIE Regional Coordination Unit hosted in the Thailand Department of Regional Development. At UNICEF, extraordinary gratitude begins with Susan Mackay, former Regional Programme Communication Officer at the East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (UNICEF-EAPRO) and Tung Khac Tran, Programme Communication Coordinator, Avian and Pandemic Influenza (UNICEF-EAPRO). Thanks also to Mary Henderson, Avian and Pandemic Influenza Focal Point (UNICEF-EAPRO) for insightful comments about simulations and planning. In Cambodia, I would like to thank Marc Vergara, Communications Officer (UNICEF Cambodia) and in Timor-Leste I would like to thank Mary Ann Maglipon, Communications Specialist, and Dominggus Monemnasi, Senior Programme Communication Assistant (UNICEF Timor-Leste). In Laos, there are many people I would like to thank, but cannot. I would first like to express my gratitude to the National Avian and Human Influenza Coordinating Office (NAHICO). I would also like to thank Anton Schneider, a Senior Program Officer/Communication Advisor for AI Behaviour Change Communication as well as Ms. Vicky Houssierre, International Communications Advisor, for insight and support from beginning to end. I would also like to thank operations and technical officers, avian influenza team leader, and highlands poverty reduction project managers from an anonymous NGO in Laos, especially M, AR, PG, SP, and BF. Special thanks belong to the two people who sat for two of the last interviews of the research project: Annu Lehtinen, Regional Avian and Human Influenza Coordinator, UN System Influenza Coordination (UNSIC) and Dr. Subhash Morzaria, ECTAD Regional Manager for Asia and the Pacific, and one of the primary leaders in the push for collaboration on the “global framework” of One World, One Health. In Cambodia, extraordinary gratitude to Yon Fernandez de Larrinoa Arcal, Emergency Programme Coordinator, FAO Avian Influenza Control Programme in Cambodia, for expediting operational aspects of the study. Thanks to Ms. Maria Cecilia Dy, Information Officer, FAO Avian Influenza Control Programme in Cambodia, for providing valuable insights and feedback throughout the project. Thanks to Dr. John Copland, Technical Advisor, Animal Health, Avian Influenza Program Cambodia (FAO) for helping navigate the politics of hiring a translator. Thanks to Dr. Guy Freeland, Team Leader of FAO’s Avian Influenza Program, even though circumstances prevented us from meeting in person. This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of the FAO Trainers for Community Animal Health Workers in several countries. Special thanks belong to Mr. Ny Mouyry and Mr. Heng Virith for facilitating interviews and participatory focus group discussions in Cambodia. Thanks to Mr. Ourk Vora for help with simultaneous translation and transcription of audio- recordings. Thanks also to FAO drivers Mr. Duong Theang, Mr. Chom Dara Sy, Mr. Cheam Pheakdey, and Mr. Chhum Bun Chhoeun for going well beyond the iv call of duty to make this project possible. Thanks to the videographer for the project, Mr. Inazio Zurutuza, for companionship, flexibility, and creating “results” (artifacts) from our study that have travelled much further, and set more in motion, than the written results of the project report. Most importantly, heartfelt gratitude goes to all of the participants, interviewees, farmers, poultry buyers and vendors, villagers, village chiefs, and commune chiefs, for their extraordinary hospitality and generosity of time and spirit. In particular, I would thank all those who helped organize interviews and group discussions in Cambodia: Mr. Chea Vey, Village Chief of Trapaing Robaeum, Takeo, Mr. Yun Saeun, Village Chief of Kamkor, Kampot, Mr. Kong Ten, Commune Chief of Trapaing Salalech, Kampot, Mr. Ton Run, Village Chief of Laork, Kampong Cham , Mr. Vong Dourng, Commune Chief of O Chum, Rattanakiri, Village Chiefs of Krao Thmei and Thmor Trang, Prey Veng, Village Chiefs of Chek and Chambak Kaong, Svay Rieng, Village Chiefs of Trang Krang and Balang, Kampong Cham, Village Chiefs of Trapong Prey, Beong and Duon Lei, Siem Reap, Village Chiefs of Ban Pong, Ratanakiri, Village Chief of Trapaing Robeum, Takeo, Village Chief of Kear Thavong Krom, Kampot. Thanks also to the Cambodia Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the authorization and facilitation of research and filming in various parts of the country. Thanks to Dr. Héctor Rifá for introducing us ahead of time to what to expect in the remote province of Rattanakiri and for helping us find the most navigable roads in the region during the wet season. In Timor-Leste, special thanks to Dr. Chana Opaskornkul, Emergency Coordinator, and Dr. Abebe Wossene Wolde, Team Leader for the FAO Biosecurity Strengthening Project in Timor-Leste, for supporting and expediting the operational aspects of the study. Thanks also to Linda Bautista, Lucia T. da Rosa, Anna Maija Beloff, and Yohanes Usboko, for invaluable assistance throughout the project. Thanks especially to Mr. José (“Ze”) Pereira and Mr. Jorge (“Dodé”) Pinto Soares, both of whom helped with simultaneous translation, the organization and facilitation of participatory focus group discussions, and the transcription of audio-recordings. Thanks also to the audio-visual team from Casa Producao Audiovisual, Vito Tael Ilario and Nicodemos dos Reis Pereira. Special thanks to FAO drivers Mr. Alberto Sousa, Mr. Fernando Fernandes, Mr. Benjamin Guterres, Mr. Samuel Worang, Mr. Jonas Leandro Amaral, and Mr. Egidio Fernandes Pinto for companionship, insight, and going beyond the call of duty to make the project safe and productive. Most importantly, heartfelt gratitude goes to all of the participants, interviewees, farmers, poultry buyers and vendors, villagers, and the chiefs of sucos and aldeias for their extraordinary hospitality and generosity. In particular, I would like to thank all the suco and aldeia chiefs who helped the team organize participatory focus group discussions in Timor-Leste: Mr. Augusto Dato Buti of suco Sanirin, Mr. Andre Maia of suco Leo Hitu, Mr. Agustino Ximenez and Mr. Lambertus A. Jose of suco Foho Lulik, Mr. Rui Cardozo of suco Lalawa, Mr. v Cesaltino Amado de Araujo of suco Leo Lima,
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