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Procedia Engineering 161 ( 2016 ) 2276 – 2281

World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016, WMCAUS 2016 Conservation of Selected Churches in the Most Region and Karviná Region and Their Significance for Geotourism

Dominik Niemiec a,*, Miloš Duraja, Marian Marschalkoa, Iúik Yilmazb

a VŠB-Technical , Faculty of Mining and Geology, 17 listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava, bCumhuriyet University - Faculty of Engineering - Department of Geological Engineering - 58140 Sivas, Turkey

Abstract

Coal mining in the Czech Republic has left significant marks on the geomorphology of the regions. Simultaneously, it has also affected the lives of people who have lived there for centuries. This article selects two areas, where the consequences of mining are pronounced. It compares the open cast mining in the brown deposit in Most and the underground mining of hard coal in the Karviná Region. Only few monuments have survived out of the original buildings. Certain landmarks are the churches that appear in both of the localities. In Most the original church was relocated by almost one kilometre to another place. The Karviná Region has several churches that have tilted due to mining subsidence. The buildings are the witnesses of the original settlements and suitable destinations for tourists. Overall, the areas have high potentials for the development of non-traditional forms of tourism, especially geo-montane tourism. © 20162016 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevierby Elsevier Ltd. ThisLtd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peer-reviewhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ under responsibility of the organizing). committee of WMCAUS 2016. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 Keywords: ; open cast mining underground mining; churches, geotourism; conservation of monuments; Most; Karviná;

1. Introduction

Mining activities have been carried out within the territory of the current Czech Republic since its colonisation. Medieval mining mainly focused on ore extraction. Coal was classified among reserved minerals as late as in 1793. However, ore mining has not had such prominent impacts on the landscape as the extraction of coal seams. It is mainly because of the high volumes of coal in the deposits, which results in significant anthropogenic influence in the regions, both in open cast mining as well as underground mining. In the Czech Republic we have examples of both as brown coal is currently extracted in open cast mines and hard coal is mined underground. Especially problematic are such areas, where the deposits are located below built-up areas (illustrative examples are Most, Ostrava and Karviná). The problems of mining itself need to be solved with regard to the built-up areas. In Most, the earlier underground mining was replaced by surface mining in the second half of the 20th century. Therefore, in 1967 the old of Most started

* Corresponding author: Tel.: +420 602 875 888 E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.828 Dominik Niemiec et al. / Procedia Engineering 161 ( 2016) 2276 – 2281 2277 to be demolished and a new town was built. By the early 1980s only few monuments remained from the original town. The most interesting is the Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary, which was moved, apart from its tower, to its current location in 1975. In the Karviná Region two most tilted churches were selected. The church buildings may inform us on the size and decoration of the original level of historical development in the localities. By means of improving their offers for tourists, the localities may become suitable for the development of geotourism. In this case we may even speak of geo-montane tourism. Geotourism, as a new form of tourism, is gaining on popularity. World- wide, the issue has been discussed in many works, for example [1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 23, 24, 26, 27], giving a description of the geotourism and its principles world-wide. Focusing on areas with coal mining and their application in the purposes of geotourism, we may build on [3, 6, 8, 9, 14].

2. Geological-deposit structure of the studied areas

2.1. Most Coal Basin

The basin extends into the districts of Most, Chomutov, Teplice and Louny. It makes part of the North-Bohemian basins, among which there are also Cheb Basin, Sokolov Basin and Žitava Basin [13, 25]. The basins formed in the tectonic depressions and make part of the tectonic structure – Eger Rift. The basins also include considerably thick positions of volcanites of the Doupov Mountains and ýeské stĜedohoĜí. The extent of the basins had probably been wider. Based on the knowledge, the development of the basins may be divided into three stages. The first is the pre- rift stage. At that time, predominantly river-born clastic sediments of the Starosedelske Formation (Eocene) deposited on the uneven surface of the depressions. In the second, synrift stage (Oligocene-Lower Mioecene), there were effusions of volcanites and the pyroclastic rocks sedimented. Pronounced and important is the sedimentation of river- born, mud and lacustrine sediments. Coal seams formed at that time and reached thicknesses of several tens of metres. In the Most Basin, the peat and lacustrine deposits in the roof of the major brown-coal seam have about 350 m. The coal seam thickness fluctuates from 10 to 30 m, in places it has as much as 50 m. The third post-rift stage (Pliocene) has been documented only in the Cheb Basin.

2.2. Czech part of the Upper-Silesian Coal Basin with a focus on the Karviná Region

The basin represents one of the most important hard coal basins in Europe with the sedimentation of the paralic development (Ostrava Formation) and of the limnic development (Karviná Formation). The larger part of the basin lies in . In the roof there are Tertiary and Quaternary deposits as well as the sediments of the Carpathian Nappes. The Ostrava Formation (Lower Namurian-Middle Namurian) is dominant both spatially as well as due to its thickness. It divides into four lithostratigraphic units: PetĜkovice Member, Hrušov Member, Jaklovec Member and Member. The mean coal seam thickness is 73 cm. The Karviná Formation (Middle Namurian-Lower Westphalian) occurs in several denudation remnants. The mean coal seam thickness is 180 cm. The formation divides into three lithostratigraphic units: Saddle Member, Suchá Member (Lower and Upper) and Doubrava Memebr s.l.

3. Brief history of the development and construction of Most

The first mention of the town is found in the second Kosmas Czech Chronicle. It mentions the year 1040 in connection with the locality. Originally, there was a market settlement, situated on the crossroads of long-distance commercial routes. Around the mid-13th century the settlement began to turn into a town and it was declared a royal town too. It also gained the privilege of the king PĜemysl Otakar II. At the end of the 13th century the town looked like a typical Gothic town. In the 14th century Most obtains more rights, freedoms and duties. This prosperous town was protected by fortifications then. Even if the Hussite expeditions were not successful, at the start of the 16th century Most suffered from one of the biggest fires in history. The town had to be rebuilt, the construction began in the Late Gothic style and continued with the oncoming Renaissance. Apart others, the fire damaged the Early Gothic Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary. In 1553 it is the town hall that becomes an important building in the Renaissance style. The town starts to have problems with money, fires, Turkish wars and plague. This causes debts and reduces the economic and political significance of the town. Upon the request of the citizens of Most, the HnČvín Castle, 2278 Dominik Niemiec et al. / Procedia Engineering 161 ( 2016 ) 2276 – 2281

causing problems in the region, was also pulled down in the mid-17th century. In the 18th century extensive building and art boom began in the town. The town was also influenced by Napoleonic expeditions at the start of the 19th century. The town fortifications were ruined at that time. The town also suffered from considerable damage in 1820 due to extensive fire. Over 200 buildings burnt down, among which there were many churches and municipal buildings. Coal mining also started in the region. First, it was a primitive form of mining, replaced by industrial mining in 1870s. The construction of railways permitted wider sales of the mineral resource. The subsequent development of the economy caused a rapid increase in population and thus increase in building development, which continued until 1930s. The development of the built-up area and new quarters continued past the end of the Second World War. A government decision of 1964 made a definite verdict on the fate of one of the most beautiful in the country. At that time, Most had about 30 000 citizens. Because of open cast coal mining, the town perished and many valuable buildings were pulled down. At that time, only could have competed with Most on the number of the contemporary Gothic buildings. From later periods there were the Neo-Renaissance town hall and the court building. The produced a building of the municipal theatre of 1911. At present, the majority of Czechs as well as Most citizens know the old Most only from contemporary pictures and publications, such as [4, 10, 28, 29].

History of the Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary and its relocation

This important monument of old Most deserves attention because of the many reasons described below. It is an important building not only for geotourism, but for tourism in general. On the original place there used to be an Early Gothic basilica of 1253-1257. In 1501 on the intervention of King Vladislav II. the Pope confirmed his auspices over the Most church. One of the biggest fires, which engulfed the town in 1515, practically destroyed it. From the original building only the crypt and the interior stone structures of the western tower were preserved. Due to extensive damage, the people of Most needed financial means and thus organised a collection for the church reconstruction. After the necessary permits, the collection lasted from 1517 to 1519. The money sufficed not only for the church construction, but also taxes and construction of other buildings in the town. In 1517 it also initiated the Late Gothic style reconstruction of the church under the management of Jakub Heilmann of Schweinfurt. The works continued till the start of the 17th century. The modifications also introduced some Renaissance and features. As for architecture, the building had been designed as a large triple-nave hall with the so-called retracted pillars, a prism tower with a triforium, pentagonal presbytery, north-western sacristy and galilee on the north. Jörg of Maulbron was responsible for the construction, later replaced by Petr Heilmann. The structural works finished in 1549. Around 1550 the Renaissance gateways were finished. The building was partially damaged by the fire of 1578. The repairs continued till 1602. The church was consecrated by the Prague archbishop in 1594. The building works continued for long. In 1650 the building got a new roof. As for the interior let us mention the sculptures by a Tyrolean sculptor BartolomČj Eder and by Jan Adam Dietz from JezeĜí u Jirkova. At the end of the 19th century the interior was subject to Neo-Gothic modifications. In 1932 restoration works managed by the architect Karel Kühn continued. The year 1964 was decisive both for the church as well as for the whole town. The Government Decree 612 of 18 November 1964 decided to conserve the most valuable monument. Around ten ways how to save the church were proposed. The winning suggestion talked about moving the church into the premises of the Baroque Hospice of the Holy Spirit. The preparatory works began in 1970. Archeological surveys and geological investigations of the church underlying rocks were carried out and the transport route was staked. Ground shaping followed and the bedrock of the future site was strengthened. The church tower was taken apart. The construction work at the beginning of the 20th century had already lowered it. In 1975 the whole triple-nave building was prepared for transport. The building was secured by a steel construction from outside and inside. The total weight of the transported object was 12 000 tons. On 15 September 1975 they began with lifting and loading the church. The transport began on 30 September 1975 at noon. It was moved on a hardened 160-metre long set of tracks, which was assembled and disassembled five times on the staked route. The transport length was 841.1 m, which was imposing for the times. The building rested on 53 transport hydraulic cars that regulated the movement by means of four outrigger arms. The control room was inside the church. The travelled speed was 1.2 – 3.2 cm/min. The transport was successfully completed on 27 October 1975. The orientation of the church was altered due to its relocation. Because the alter did not head towards the east, but the south , there were problems with its later consecration. Even if the church was opened to public already in Dominik Niemiec et al. / Procedia Engineering 161 ( 2016) 2276 – 2281 2279

1988, it was consecrated in 1993. In the same year the building and restoration works on the 17-metre Baroque alter of 1735-1739 by BartolomČj Eder were also finished.

4. Brief history of the development and construction of Karviná

The archeological artefacts document the colonization of the current Karviná Region in the Neolithic. Written records come from the second half of the 13th century. In the 14th century we find records of certain specific localities. For example, Fryštát was important as it was situated on the key commercial route from the Baltic to Hungary. In the 15th century Fryštát gained a hereditary right, which contributed to its great economic development. The 17th century suffered from the events of the 30-year war. In the following century it finds itself in the centre of the widest regional rural rebellion. The significance of coal in the second half of the 18th century played an important role in the boom in the region. The construction of railways also contributed. In 1923 Karviná became a town on the basis of a government decree. At that time the Czechoslovak Republic and Poland disputed over this territory. Between 1938 and 1944 the region was subject to many political changes. First it was annexed to Poland, later by Germany. Today, Karviná incorporates several municipalities and exists thanks to coal extraction. Once it was a thriving, independent town with a chateau and chateau park, two churches, town hall, office buildings, schools, superb houses and mining colonies. In 1949 more municipalities were incorporated to form the Karviná of today. This quarter is called Karviná-Doly. A new town was later built on the cadastral area of Fryštát and a former municipality Ráje. In 1979 Karviná had more than 81 000 inhabitants; at present only about 55 000 people live there.

Church of St Peter of Alcantara in Karviná-Doly

The building is situated within the area of the original Karviná. The sources inform us that in 1447 there used to be a wooden church of St Martin. In the 18th century the church was derelict and thus the local nobleman František Wilhelm Larisch decided to build a new one. The new church was built in 1736 in the Baroque style and because there were several churches dedicated to St Martin in the region, St Peter of Alcantara became the new patron. First, the church was consecrated by a priest from Fryštát and in 1759 it was consecrated by the bishop F. G. Schaffgotsch from Vratislav. The church is a single-nave building. The chancel is of a semi-circular ground plan, and an oratory is situated on the Gospel side above the sacristy. On the Epistle side there is the Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes. A Baroque, tetrahedral tower is on the west, along with an entry to the church. The tower was rebuilt in the Classicist style in the 19th century. In 1776 coal was discovered in the region and intense mining followed. Since then 27 seams of the total seam thickness of about 50 m have been mined out. This has manifested on the overall disruption and bad stability of the church. One of the first safety measures was the first shortening of the tower at the end of the 19th century. The second shortening was caused by damage due to a gale in 1957. Undermining of the locality has not only influenced the church, but a much wider area. The effect of undermining on the church is monumental. Already in 1992 there were plans to restore and redevelop the church as it was in serious disrepair and posed risks. The conservation works began in mid-1990s. The works focused on the stabilisation of the building, its reconstruction as well as land reclamation of the surroundings. The conservation works also preserved two 19th-century tombs near the church. One is in the Neo-Gothic style and belonged to the family of Staniek. The second is of the Forner Family and is in the Neo-Renaissance style. In 2012 another important reconstruction followed and concerned on the elimination of moisture and repairs of the plaster. A small archeological survey was also carried out. Later on, new bell-metal bells were hung in the tower. The original, steel bells had been stolen by the Nazis during the Second World War and used for weaponry. The bigger bell was named after St Henry, the patron of the neighbouring church of 1893, which was listed as a valuable cultural monument in 1951. Unfortunately, mining disrupted the church to such an extent that in 1960 it was demolished. Nowadays, the Church of St Peter of Alcantara is used by church goers again. In 2000 it was re-consecrated by the Bishop of the Ostrava- Diocese, František Václav Lobkowicz. It is a unique building and may be compared to the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It is referred to as ‘Czech Pisa’. Its vertical tilt amounts to 7Û in the southern direction as the ground surface has subsided by 37 m. The ground subsidence is a boundary condition for the formation of subsidence basins and it significantly influences buildings and structures found therein. A due attention is paid to the 2280 Dominik Niemiec et al. / Procedia Engineering 161 ( 2016 ) 2276 – 2281

phenomena in many research works, for example in [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30], which also provide the results of the current measurements.

5. Conclusion

Mineral resources have accompanied the human civilization since the very start of its existence. This is also documented by the first names of the different evolution epochs. In the past centuries, many towns were built in the vicinity of such ore deposits and mines were becoming parts of the settlements. At present, these are interesting and attractive montane localities. Examples in the Czech Republic may be Kutná hora or PĜíbram. Coal as a raw material has been exploited since the late 18th century. Its deposits are classified as sedimentary. The extracted deposits are spatially extensive and the seams are of various thicknesses. Coal mining greatly influences the landscape. If a town is built above a deposit, it is important to choose the priority: mineral resource, town, or mineral resource-town. Both the localities described in the article were sacrificed to mining and hardly any original buildings have been preserved there to date. Only the preserved churches may remind us of the rich history of the localities. However, the churches have also been influenced by exploitation and have become even more attractive for tourism. Active measures to conserve the technical and other monuments are taken to support geotourism. In the course of the past few decades a number of valuable monuments, which could have become cultural monuments, have disappeared. Timely interventions and expert conservation of the remaining monuments, for example as it has been done in the Ostrava Region, show new trends how the buildings and localities may be used for the purposes of tourism.

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