Animovaný Film Ve Velké Británii

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Animovaný Film Ve Velké Británii Animovaný film ve Velké Británii Tereza Mašláňová Bakalářská práce 2009 ABSTRAKT Tato písemná bakalá řská práce se v ěnuje animované tvorb ě ve Velké Británii. Začí- ná popisem její historie od prvních kr ůč ků v 19. století až k sou časným animovaným fil- mům. V jedné kapitole se v ěnuje Channelu 4, který pomáhá britskou animaci financovat. Velká část je ale zam ěř ena na nejúsp ěšn ější britské tv ůrce animovaných film ů, animátory a anima ční studia, a jejich nejslavn ější filmy. V poslední kapitole také popisuje britskou tvorbu pro d ěti. Klí čová slova: animace, loutková animace, plošková animace, film, Velká Británie, ve řejn ě informativní film, Channel 4, reklama, financování animovaných film ů ABSTRACT This written bachelor thesis deals with the animation in Great Britain. It starts with describing its history since the very first steps in the 19 th century to the contemporary ani- mated movies. One chapter deals with the Channel 4 that helps to fund the British anima- tion. The major part of this thesis focuses on the most successful British creators, the ani- mators and the animation studios, and their most famous films. The last chapter describes British animated films for children. Keywords: animation, puppet animation, cut-out animation, film, Great Britain, public in- formation film, commercial, the funding of animated films Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalá řskou práci na téma Animovaný film ve Velké Británii vypraco- vala samostatn ě a uvedla veškeré informa ční zdroje. Ve Zlín ě dne 7. kv ětna 2009 ............................................... Tereza Mašlá ňová OBSAH ÚVOD....................................................................................................................................7 1 HISTORIE BRITSKÉHO ANIMOVANÉHO FILMU............................................8 1.1 POČÁTKY ANIMOVANÉHO FILMU VE VELKÉ BRITÁNII .............................................8 1.2 ANIMACE B ĚHEM 2. SV ĚTOVÉ VÁLKY A PO NÍ ..........................................................9 1.3 BRITSKÁ ANIMACE V 60. A 70. LETECH .................................................................12 1.4 80. A 90. LÉTA A SOU ČASNÁ BRITSKÁ ANIMACE ....................................................14 2 CHANNEL 4 A FINANCOVÁNÍ ANIMOVANÝCH FILM Ů..............................17 3 OSOBNOSTI BRITSKÉ ANIMACE ......................................................................21 3.1 HALAS & BATCHELOR ..........................................................................................21 3.2 GEORGE DUNNING ................................................................................................25 3.3 JIMMY T. MURAKAMI ...........................................................................................28 3.4 RICHARD WILLIAMS .............................................................................................30 3.5 BOB GODFREY ......................................................................................................32 3.6 AARDMAN .............................................................................................................35 3.6.1 Animáto ři studia Aardman...............................................................................38 3.7 ŽENY V BRITSKÉM ANIMOVANÉM FILMU ...............................................................40 3.7.1 Candy Guard ....................................................................................................40 3.7.2 Joanna Quinn ...................................................................................................42 3.7.3 Suzie Templeton ..............................................................................................43 3.7.4 Erica Russell ....................................................................................................44 4 TVORBA PRO D ĚTI ................................................................................................46 4.1 SMALLFILMS : OLIVER POSTGATE A PETER FIRMIN ................................................48 4.2 IVOR WOOD ..........................................................................................................50 4.3 COSGROVE HALL ..................................................................................................53 ZÁV ĚR ...............................................................................................................................56 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJ Ů..................................................................................57 SEZNAM OBRÁZK Ů .......................................................................................................58 UTB ve Zlín ě, Fakulta multimediálních komunikací 7 ÚVOD Po čátky animace m ůžeme nalézt už v dob ě kamenné nebo pozd ěji u starých Řek ů a Egyp ťan ů, kte ří často a velice zdatn ě rozkreslovali r ůzné pohyby na jednotlivé fáze, t ěmi pak zdobili vázy, zdi nebo sloupy svých chrám ů. Samotné slovo animace je odvozeno od latinského slova „anima“ – duše a znamená tak vlastn ě oživování, dávání duše nebo života neživým v ěcem. V této práci se chci zam ěř it na animaci ve Velké Británii a to p ředevším proto, že se dá říci, že práv ě tam došlo ke zrodu animovaných film ů, a také proto, že tam ější animova- ná tvorba je velmi specifická, nejen, co se tý če typicky britského humoru, ale i po výtvarné stránce, díky níž ji lze pom ěrn ě snadno identifikovat. Je to dáno hlavn ě jistým odstupem, který si zem ě ležící na Britských ostrovech, udržuje od kontinentální Evropy a také boha- tou kulturou a historií. Ráda bych zde popsala zajímavou historii animace ve Velké Británii, práci nejd ůle- žitějších britských animátor ů a anima čních studií a také n ěkteré z nespo čtu známých a me- zinárodn ě uznávaných a oce ňovaných animovaných film ů. UTB ve Zlín ě, Fakulta multimediálních komunikací 8 1 HISTORIE BRITSKÉHO ANIMOVANÉHO FILMU 1.1 Po čátky animovaného filmu ve Velké Británii Animace je sled statických obrázk ů, které se od sebe navzájem mírn ě liší a promíta- jí se v ětšinou rychlostí 25 obrázk ů za vte řinu. Ke zdání pohybu dochází tak, že obrázek vznikající na sítnici oka nemizí okamžit ě, ale je na ní zlomek vte řiny zachycen, než je na- hrazen dalším obrázkem. P ři dostate čné rychlosti st řídání obrázk ů má divák pocit, že sledu- je plynulý pohyb. Tento jev poprvé prozkoumal britský v ědec švýcarského p ůvodu Peter Mark Roget. Své poznatky publikoval roku 1824 ve svém díle O zachování obrazu pohy- bujících se p ředm ětů (Persistence of Vision with Regard to Moving Objects). Obr. 1. thaumathorp O rok pozd ěji, roku 1825, inspirován Rogetovým bádáním, sestrojil slavný anglický fyzik John A. Paris prototyp thaumatorpu, optické hra čky nejčast ěji kruhového tvaru s různými obrázky na rubu i líci a provázky upevn ěnými po obou stranách. P ři rozto čení kruhu pomocí provázk ů obrázky z obou stran splynuly v jeden. Nejednalo se p římo o po- hyb, ale spíše o využití poznatk ů optiky. (Thaumatorp používal i konstábl Ichabod Crane ve filmu Tima Burtona Ospalá díra . Na jedné stran ě papírového kruhu byla nakreslená klec a na druhé pták, otá čením vznikl optický klam a vypadalo to, že byl pták v kleci.) Rogetových poznatk ů využili i Belgi čan Plateau a Rakušan Stampfer a vynalezli stroboskop, p řístroj, který je založen na setrva čnosti vnímání lidského oka. Na vnit řním obvodu kotou če se umístily obrázky pohybu rozkresleného na fáze, kotou čem se otáčelo a při pozorování skrze št ěrbiny v kotou či vznikal dojem plynulého pohybu. UTB ve Zlín ě, Fakulta multimediálních komunikací 9 Ale vra ťme se zp ět do Velké Británie… Mnozí lidé považují za vůbec první animovaný film snímek Artura Melbourne Co- opera Sirky ( Matches: An Appeal ) z roku 1899. Jednalo se o pookénkovou animaci loutky vytvo řené ze sirek pospojovaných tenkým drátkem. Loutka psala na tabuli a vybízela brit- ské ob čany, aby zásobovali své vojáky sirkami. Snímek byl vytvo řen jako reklama na sir- kárnu Bryant May. Jedny z prvních animovaných film ů na po čátku 20. století tvo řili Britové Walter Booth, ilustrátor a autor filmu The Hand of the Artist (1906), a James Stuart Blackton. Ten je ale spíše americkým filma řem, protože ve svých deseti letech odjel do Spojených stát ů, kde na čas p ůsobil jako kameraman, režisér a animátor-experimentátor. Jeho nejslavn ějším filmem je Strašidelný d ům ( The Haunted House , 1907), film s živými herci, který pro zob- razení nadp řirozených prvk ů využívá pookénkovou animaci. Během první sv ětové války se animace hojn ě využívalo k natá čení propagandistic- kých film ů, ve kterých se zesm ěšňovali nep řátelští velitelé a vládci (nap říklad n ěmecký císa ř). Tyto filmy byly vytvá řeny p řevážn ě pro dosp ělé a jejich hlavním úkolem bylo poba- vit diváky a pozvednout morálku. 1.2 Animace b ěhem 2. sv ětové války a po ní V pr ůběhu druhé sv ětové války se anima ční techniky vyvinuly, staly se mnohem ra- finovan ějšími, ale p řesto nesly stále stejné poselství jako za první sv ětové války, a to ze- sm ěšnit nep řítele (hlavn ě Adolfa Hitlera). Tv ůrci p řitom využívali jednoduchých kreseb a vysta čili si mnohdy jen s několika slovy, aby dokonale vystihli hlavní myšlenku. Válečná léta se nesla v duchu zni čených m ěst a kritického nedostatku základních potravin a materiál ů. Britská vláda se proto rozhodla op ět zapojit do boje propagandu. Za- čaly se natá čet nejr ůzn ější krátké filmy, které m ěly ukázat všem britským ob čan ům, že i oni jsou sou částí války a m ěli by se také n ějak angažovat a pomáhat p ři obnov ě (nap říklad recyklací). Filmy vznikaly na popud ministerstva
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