Worksheet- Mutations

Biology At Home Learning Packet Biology Daily Assignments Day 1 Read BIO 1A Life and Organization and answer questions 1-12 on BIO 1A Day 2 Read BIO 1A Life and Organization (same as first day) and answer questions 13-24 Day 3 Work BIO 1A Cell Theory Time Line and Cell Theory Student worksheets Day 4 Work BIO 1A.3 Cell Organization Guided and Independent Practice worksheets Day 5 Read BIO 1B.1 Macromolecules and answer questions 1-15 on BIO 1B.1 Day 6 Read BIO 1B.2 Enzymes and answer questions 1-15 on BIO 1B.2 Day 7 Work BIO 1B Biomolecule and Enzyme Independent Practice sheets Day 8 Read BIO 1C.1 Function of Organelles and answer questions 1-16 on BIO 1C.1 Day 9 Read BIO 1C.2 Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and answer questions 1-12 on BIO 1C.2 Day 10 Work Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Guided and Independent Practice questions- Use words from activity cards to fill in Venn diagram Day 11 Read BIO 1C.3 Viruses and answer questions 1-15 on BIO 1C.3 Day 12 Read “Virus” reading passage and answer questions and work Virus Independent Practice sheets Day 13 Read BIO 1D Cell Transport and answer questions 1-18 on BIO 1D Day 14 Read BIO 1E Cell Cycle and answer questions 1-20 on BIO 1E Day 15 Read BIO 1E Cell Cycle ( same as previous day) and answer questions 21-40 on BIO 1E Day 16 Work BIO 1E Cell Cycle Independent Practice and Read and answer questions for BIO 1E Reading “Frogs and You” Day 17 Read BIO 3A Meiosis and answer questions 1-20 on BIO 3A1 Meiosis questions sheet Day 18 Read BIO 3A Meiosis( same reading as previous day) and answer questions 1-18 on BIO 3A2&3 questions sheet Day 19 Work BIO 3A Meiosis Guided and Independent Practice sheets and BIO 3A Mitosis/Meiosis Crossword Puzzle Day 20 Read BIO 3B 1&2 Mendel and Genetics and answer questions 1-20 On BIO 3B 1&2 Day 21 Read BIO 3B 3&4 Patterns of Inheritance and answer questions 1-20 On BIO 3b 3&4 Day 22 Work BIO3B Vocabulary Square , BIO 3B Student Worksheet and BIO 3B Mendel Independent Practice sheet Day 23 Read BIO 3C 1&2 Genetic Material and answer questions 1-15 on BIO 3C 1&2 Day 24 Read BIO 3C 1&2 Genetic Material and answer questions 16-30 On BIO 3C 1&2 Day 25 Work BIO3C DNA Guided Practice ,Independent Practice, and Vocabulary Triangle (Cut apart, mix up and correctly match the word to its definition or to its complementary pair. It will form a triangle. When a student has used all the pieces to form a large triangle, have the teacher check the answers.) Day 26 Read BIO 3C 3 Gene Mutations and answer questions 1-20 on BIO 3C 3 Day 27 Work BIO 3C Mutations Worksheet Day 28 Read BIO 3C 4&5 DNA Technology and answer questions 1-20 on BIO 3C 4&5 BIO 1A. Living Organisms & Viruses Living things share certain characteristics in common. Being able to reproduce and use resources for energy are two of those characteristics. In the past, scientists have considered viruses to be nonliving. New research, however, is challenging that idea. Characteristics of Life There are several characteristics that all types of organisms on Earth have in common. These characteristics determine whether something is considered a living organism or is nonliving. 1. Organisms are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Organisms grow and develop. Growth and development are processes that increase an organism's overall size and lead to an increase in the complexity of the structure of an organism. Development continues from infancy to childhood, and on through adulthood. 3. Organisms obtain and use resources for energy. Organisms need energy in order to perform basic life processes, such as growth, development, and repair. Organisms that make their own food, such as through photosynthesis, are autotrophs. Organisms that obtain food from the environment are heterotrophs. 4. Organisms are able to respond to stimuli in their environment. All organisms can recognize changes in their internal and external environments and respond to them. For example, plants detect light and bend toward it. 5. Organisms maintain homeostasis. By regulating their internal environment to maintain a constant state, organisms maintain homeostasis. For example, when a person's internal temperature is too high, the body begins to sweat in order to reduce the temperature through evaporation. 6. Organisms are capable of passing on genetic material through reproduction. All organisms are able to reproduce in order to ensure that their species lives on. 7. Organisms adapt. Adaptation is the ability to change over time in response to the environment. Through adapation, species evolve to better fit their environment. Viruses vs. Cells A virus is an infectious agent that is only able to replicate inside the living cells of another organism. A virus consists of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on Earth—viruses are diverse, ranging in size and shape, and are specialized to infect all different forms of life, from archaea to animals. While viruses and cells have some features in common, there are several major differences that distinguish viruses from cells. Characteristics of Cells • Cells are alive, and they are the basic units of all life. • Cells can reproduce on their own. • Cells possess organelles and ribosomes. • Cells have their own energy metabolism. • Cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. • Cells are much larger than viruses. Characteristics of Viruses • Viruses are generally considered to not be alive. • Viruses must use a host cell to reproduce. • Viruses do not possess organelles or ribosomes. • Viruses do not have their own energy metabolism. • Viruses are surrounded by a protein coat. • Viruses are extraordinarily small. Characteristics of Both Cells & Viruses • Both cells and viruses contain some form of nucleic aid (DNA or RNA). • Both cells and viruses can infect host cells. Are Viruses Living Organisms? Most scientists have historically considered viruses to be nonliving. However, some scientists are reconsidering this classification. One reason why viruses are generally considered not living is that they require other organisms to reproduce. However, there are many organisms, like some types of bacteria and fungi, that are obligate parasites. This means they cannot complete their life cycle without a host. Another traditional justification for classifying viruses as nonliving is that they do not have the proteins needed to replicate themselves. However, giant viruses discovered in the 2000s do have genes that code for most of these proteins, though the viruses still use host cells to replicate. Evidence also suggests that viruses have many unique genes, rather than simply copies of genetic material from a variety of cells. These points have scientists rethinking if viruses should be classified as living organisms. Cell Theory Cell theory was developed over time using contributions from a number of different scientists. It states that cells are the fundamental units of life. Major Tenets Cell theory is one of the foundations of biology. There are three major tenets of the cell theory: • Cells are the most basic structural and functional unit of life. • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • All cells that currently exist came from pre-existing cells. History of the Microscope and the Cell The microscope played a pivotal role in the development of cell theory. Born in 1635 in England, Robert Hooke contributed to many different fields of science and technology. He built a compound microscope— a microscope that used two lenses. With this, Hooke became the first to observe what he would later name cells. He published his observations in 1665 in the popular book Micrographia. This image of cork cells is taken from Micrographia by Robert Hooke. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, born in Holland in 1632, was a contemporary of Robert Hooke. The Dutch scientist became very skilled at grinding lenses and was able to build simple microscopes that could magnify objects up to 200 times while still giving a clear image. Because of this, van Leeuwenhoek is considered by many to be the father of microscopy. Though the first microscopes were invented in the previous century, van Leeuwenhoek's models were such a vast improvement over earlier microscopes that some people attribute the invention of the microscope to him. He was the first to observe and describe bacteria as well as protists. A replica of one of Leeuwenhoek's microscopes is shown below. Image courtesy of Jeroen Rouwkema via Wikimedia Commons under CC BY-SA 3.0. Further Contributions to Cell Theory Cell theory was gradually developed over time by many different scientists. The timeline shown below lists some of the scientists that contributed to the cell theory. In the late 1830's, two scientists - Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden - formally proposed the first two statements in the theory, but they also erroneously thought that cells arose through spontaneous generation. In 1855, another German scientist named Rudolf Virchow observed cells dividing to produce new cells. Based on his observations, Virchow proposed that all cells were the product of cell division. With this modification, cell theory became widely accepted. Since then, various studies have only slightly altered the original theory. Biochemical research has provided more information into cellular chemistry and phylogeny. This research not only supports the original tenets of the theory, but expands upon them.

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