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A Comparative Study of the London German and the London Jewish Hospitals

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A Comparative Study of the London German and the London Jewish Hospitals University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton Faculty of Law, Arts and Social Sciences School of Humanities A Comparative Study of the London German and the London Jewish Hospitals HOWARD IRVING REIN PhD (Jewish History and Culture) MARCH 2016 NAME OF UNIVERSITY (in capitals) UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Abstract (in capitals & underlined) A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LONDON GERMAN AND THE LONDON JEWISH HOSPITALS Name of Faculty (in capitals) FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Discipline Jewish History and Culture Degree for which thesis is submitted Doctor of Philosophy Title of thesis (in capitals) A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LONDON GERMAN AND THE LONDON JEWISH HOSPITALS Full name of author Howard Irving Rein The thesis compares the founding and development of two sectarian hospitals in the East End of London - the London German Hospital in the nineteenth and the London Jewish Hospital in the early twentieth century. They were established to serve the needs of the German and Jewish immigrant communities living in London at these periods. It was the intention to satisfy their religious and cultural requirements, but especially the language problems they faced, as the majority of migrants had little comprehension of the English language and communication with the medical profession was frustrated at the existing voluntary hospitals because diagnostic aids had not yet been fully implemented and a dependence on verbal communication remained of primary importance. It will be shown that although both groups of migrants faced poverty, the supporters of the German Hospital represented the wealthy and the elite in England and on the Continent. It was a time when an affinity existed between British and German cultures, with German philosophy and science celebrated in this country and the founders received virtually no opposition to their venture. The thesis demonstrates how this contrasted with resistance to the founding of the Jewish Hospital eighty years later. The Jewish immigrants struggled to establish their hospital because of the hostility of the indigenous population exemplified by passage of the Aliens Act of 1905 and the opposition of the Jewish elite led by Lord Rothschild who argued that the immigrant Jews should integrate rather than separate. The thesis argues there was a need for the two hospitals, and contrasts their attainment of success despite their social and economic differences. It will show how the arguments have been assembled using information obtained from literature on immigration studies, ethnic and social issues as well as medical history. Research using the newspaper and hospital archives supplemented the study. 1 Abstract of Thesis 1 Contents 2 Declaration of Authorship 5 Acknowledgements 6 Chapter One Introduction 1. Introduction and Context (a) An Outline of the Study 7 (b) Early Migrant Hospitals 14 (c) Other Small Hospitals 23 2. Historiography 28 3. The Migration of Germans and Jews to England 42 4. The Development of the English Hospital System 47 5. German and Jewish Contributions to Medicine 54 6. Health and Medicine in England from the Nineteenth Century 57 7. Methodology 62 8. The Structure of the Thesis 65 Chapter Two The London German Hospital 1. Background to the Establishment of the London German Hospital (a) Poor Law and Philanthropy in Victorian England. 67 (b) German Migration into London in the Nineteenth Century 73 (c) Medicine and Health in Mid-Nineteenth Century London 79 2. The Establishment of the London German Hospital, its Founders and its Administration 2 (a) The Origins of the Hospital and Early Finances 88 (b) The New Hospital Building and Events Later in the Nineteenth Century 110 (c) History of the Hospital from the End of the Nineteenth Century until Closure 122 (d) The End of the Voluntary Hospitals 130 3. The Status of Religion within the London German Hospital (a) Was the Hospital a Sectarian Organisation? 132 (b) Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-German Loyalties in Victorian Britain 154 4. Medical Issues and Practices at the London German Hospital (a) Medical Issues in Britain and Germany 157 (b) Dr Frederick Parkes Weber and Some Clinical Conditions seen at the Hospital 159 5. Controversies and Conclusion 166 Chapter Three The London Jewish Hospital 1. The Origins of the Jewish Community in Great Britain 172 2. Early Anglo-Jewish Philanthropy and Care of the Sick 175 3. The London Hospital 180 4. Health of the Jewish Migrants in London 183 5. The Origin of the London Jewish Hospital 194 6. Financial matters Before the Opening of the London Jewish Hospital 215 7. The Building of the Hospital 226 8. The Opening and Continued Funding of the Hospital 235 9. London Jewish Hospital Medical Society 244 10. The Proposed Convalescent Home 248 3 11. Nurse Training 249 12. The Hospital from 1939 until Closure 251 Conclusion 255 Appendix 261 Bibliography 264 4 Academic Thesis: Declaration Of Authorship I, Howard Irving Rein declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are my own and has been generated by me as the result of my own original research. A Comparative Study of the London German and the London Jewish Hospitals ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… I confirm that: 1. This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University; 2. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated; 3. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; 4. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work; 5. I have acknowledged all main sources of help; 6. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself; 7. Either none of this work has been published before submission, or parts of this work have been published as: [please list references below]: Signed: ………Howard Irving Rein………………………………………………………………… Date: 9 April 2016 5 Acknowledgements I owe a debt of thanks to Professor Tony Kushner who has guided me through this thesis with many helpful suggestions and with invaluable advice. With thanks to Dr Gerry Black for his advice and for providing a copy of his thesis on Health and Medical Care of the Jewish Poor in the East End of London. My special thanks to Dr Harvey Baker who provided a history of the London Jewish Hospital Medical Society. My thanks to Dr James Jordan of the Parkes Institute, Southampton University, for bringing to my attention the contents of a speech made by Lord Rothschild on BBC radio programme 2LO on 12 August 1924. I am grateful to the archivists of the Special Collections at the Hartley Library, Southampton University for their assistance. My thanks to the archivists of the London Jewish Hospital held at the London Hospital archives, the archivists of the London German Hospital held at the archives, St Bartholomew’s Hospital and the archivists of the North West London Hospital held at the Archives of the Royal Free Hospital. I am grateful to the archivists of the London Metropolitan Archives and the Wellcome Archives for their help as well as the archivists at the National Archives, Kew. 6 A Comparative Study of the London German and the London Jewish Hospital Chapter One. 1. Introduction and Context. (a) An Outline of the Study The major research questions examined by this thesis will be how the German and then Jewish communities developed their own hospitals and how they differed in origins and medical expertise. How the wider Jewish and German community responded to the idea of a separate hospital will be explored including who demanded the formation of a hospital and how it was funded and supported. In particular, it will include an examination of how German medicine may have differed from that practised in England in the nineteenth century and whether or not this influenced the practice of physicians, surgeons and nursing staff working at the London German Hospital. The state of medical knowledge and attitudes to health and sanitation issues during the nineteenth and early twentieth century will be explored with a determination made of how the two hospitals measured up to what was considered best medical practice during their operative years. The success (medical and communal) as well as the limitations of these hospitals will be explored as will any relevance to contemporary migrant groups and the medical world. ‘The texture of British society is knitted together from many diverse strands and it would be difficult to unearth an epoch when the country did not have its share of immigrants and refugees and the minorities associated with such 7 immigration.’ 1 So wrote Colin Holmes in his study on the responses by the host community to immigrants into Britain over the past one hundred and fifty years, including the opposition and, in some circumstances, the hostility provoked on both local and national levels.
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