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Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23

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Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23 McLellan I. 2006. Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers.html ENDEMISM AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NEW ZEALAND PLECOPTERA (INSECTA) Ian McLellan Research Associate, Landcare Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand (Postal address: PO Box 95, Westport, New Zealand) E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT New Zealand has 4 families of Plecoptera: Austroperlidae (1 genus); Eusteniidae (1 genus); Gripopterygidae (12 genera); Notonemouridae (7 genera). All genera are endemic except Notonemoura which is shared with Australia. Within New Zealand there are 4 South Island endemic genera; none on North Island or Snares; 1 each on Stewart Island, Campbell Island and Auckland Islands. Species endemic to islands are: North and South and Stewart Islands - 5 species from 5 genera; North and South Islands - 16 species from 5 genera; North Island - 7 species from 6 genera; South Island - 60 species from 16 genera; all of South Island and Stewart Island - 1 species; Stewart Island - 2 species from 2 genera; Snares - 1 species; Auckland Islands - 4 species from 1 genus; Campbell Island - 2 species from 1 genus. There are no stoneflies on the Chatham and Antipodes Islands. A full list of the 104 described species is given. Keywords: Endemism; Plecoptera; New Zealand subregion INTRODUCTION In the past 40 years because of an upsurge in Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand); DSIR collecting and publication on the stonefly fauna of (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research); New Zealand and its Subantarctic Islands, there is DOC (Department of Conservation); MUNZ (Massey now sufficient knowledge of the systematics and University, Palmerston North, New Zealand); NZAC distribution of our fauna to give a reasonable picture (New Zealand Arthropod Collection Landcare of its endemism and biogeography. At present a Research, Auckland, New Zealand); OMNZ (Otago database for our Plecoptera is being constructed but Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand); UCNZ because many records are pre-computer it will be (University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New some time before it is completed. The information Zealand); VUNZ (Victoria University, Wellington, gathered here came from the unfinished database, New Zealand. my collection records, Illies (1974) and a number of my publications as follows: McLellan (1977, 1991, SUMMARY OF THE NEW ZEALAND 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2003a and SUBREGION FAUNA 2003b). All genera and species are endemic to New Because distribution maps for all of the species Zealand, apart from genus Notonemoura, shared with involved would be too numerous for publication, the Australia, but with species endemic to each country. abbreviations of the collection areas of Crosby et al. Zelandoperlinae (Gripopterygidae) is the only (1998) are shown after each species name. The reader endemic higher taxon. There are 104 described may then note distribution from Figure 1 (a map of species and about 20 undescribed. The total fauna the islands of the New Zealand Subregion) and will be over 120 and may exceed 130. A checklist of Figures 2 and 3 which show the collection areas and the described species is given in Appendix A. The their abbreviations. following 4 families placed in two suborders of Other abbreviations used are: CMNZ (Canterbury Plecoptera occur in the New Zealand Subregion: Illiesia – http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/ Volume 2 - Number 2 - Page 15 McLellan I. 2006. Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers.html Fig. 1. Map of New Zealand subregion. Illiesia – http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/ Volume 2 - Number 2 - Page 16 McLellan I. 2006. Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers.html Suborder Antarctoperlaria Zwick, 1973 hudsoni (WA, WN, SD, BR). Family Austroperlidae Tillyard, 1921: Austroperla cyrene Newman is the only representative. SPECIES FOUND ON SOUTH AND STEWART Family Eustheniidae Tillyard, 1921: Genus ISLANDS Stenoperla with four species occurs. Six species show this pattern but two of these, Family Gripopterygidae Enderlein, 1909: Stenoperla maclellani (SD, MB, KA, NN, BR, WD, NC, Subfamily Zelandoperlinae McLellan, 1977 (10 MC, SC, MK, FD, CO, OL, DN, SL, SI) and Taraperla genera and 38 species) and Subfamily ancilis (NN, MC, CO, DN, SL, SI) are found Antarctoperlinae Enderlein, 1909 (2 genera and 34 throughout the two islands whereas four species, species) occur. Zelandoperla tillyardi (WD, SC, CO, OL, DN, SL, SI), Zelandobius kuscheli (FD, CO, DN, SL, SI), Z. uniramus Suborder Arctoperlaria Zwick, 1973 (SC, CO, OL, DN, SL, SI) and Cristaperla waharoa (CO, Family Notonemouridae Ricker, 1950: 7 OL, DN, SL, FD, SI), are known from the southern genera and 29 species are known. half of South Island and all of Stewart Island. SPECIES ENDEMIC TO A SINGLE ISLAND SPECIES COMMON TO NORTH, SOUTH AND STEWART ISLANDS North Island Five widespread species, one from each of five Seven species from six genera show the low genera, are found throughout the three main islands degree of endemism of this island found in other and on some smaller islands. Strangely, Zelandobius, groups, e.g. Hydropeza (Diptera: Empididae) and the most speciose genus does not show this Blephariceridae (Diptera). This group includes distribution. This group includes Austroperla cyrene, Stenoperla hendersoni (BP, WN, TO, TK), Taraperla Stenoperla prasina, Zelandoperla decorata, Megaleptoperla pseudocyrene (TO, WN), Halticoperla gibbsi (RI, WI, diminuta, Acroperla trivacuata. WN), Notonemoura winstanleyi (WO, BP, WN), Omanuperla hollowayae (WA, WN), Spaniocercoides foxi SPECIES FOUND ON NORTH AND SOUTH (TK, RI, WN), Spaniocercoides watti (ND, WO). ISLANDS South Island Sixteen species from seven genera are known. Sixty species from 16 genera are found only on South Some species are widespread but others are Island. Much of this greater speciation in the south uncommon, or their distribution is unclear due to a originated during the Pleistocene ice age when a lack of records. The widespread species are marked number of refugia occurred at different times during with w. Some species, like Spaniocercoides hudsoni, are that period. One example of this happened when the found only in the south of the North Island and north southern half of South Island and Stewart Island of the South Island. Note that the largest component were divided from the north by glaciers and their is the 8 species from the largest New Zealand genus barren aprons of outwash gravels extended to the sea Zelandobius. on west and east coasts. This formed a barrier in the Zelandoperla agnetisw, Zelandoperla fenestrataw, middle of South Island with greater speciation south Megaleptoperla grandisw, Nesoperla fulvescensw, of this barrier, especially in our largest genus Zelandobius confususw, Zelandobius albofasciatus (RI, Zelandobius, so that 13 of its 27 species are found in NN, BR, FD, SL), Zelandobius furcillatusw, Zelandobius this southern region. gibbsi (WN, BR, MC, OL), Zelandobius illiesi (ND, TO, Below the species are grouped based on WA, WN, NN, BR), Zelandobius macburneyiw, endemism to particular areas of the island. Zelandobius truncus (TK, WN, MC, CO, OL, DN), Widespread Alpine/Subalpine Species: Seven Zelandobius unicolor (TO, BR, NC, WD, OL, CO, FD), species show this pattern including Spaniocercoides Cristaperla fimbria (RI, WN, NN, BR, NC, MC, WD), howesi (MB, NC, NN, WD, SC, FD, CO, OL, and SL), Spaniocerca zelandicaw, Spaniocercoides cowleyi (TK, RI, Taraperla howesi (NN, BR, MB, NC, MC, WD, SC, and WN, NN, BR, WD, FD, CO, SL), Spaniocercoides OL), Stenoperla helsoni (BR, MB, WD, NC, MC), Illiesia – http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/ Volume 2 - Number 2 - Page 17 McLellan I. 2006. Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers.html Fig. 2. Map of Area Codes of North Island. Illiesia – http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/ Volume 2 - Number 2 - Page 18 McLellan I. 2006. Endemism and Biogeography of New Zealand Plecoptera (Insecta) Illiesia, 2(2):15-23. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers.html Zelandobius childi (BR, NC, SC, CO, OL), Zelandobius SL, SI), Cristaperla waharoa (CO, OL, DN, SL, FD, SI). cordatus (BR, NC, MC, FD, OL), Zelandobius patricki Species Restricted to DN, SL: Only one species (NN, MB, MC, CO, FD, OL), Zelandobius pilosus (NC, Taraperla johnsi shows this distribution. MB, MC, WD, MK, CO, OL) . Species Restricted to FD, OL and SL: Two species Alpine Species Restricted to Northern South show this pattern including Acroperla flavescens and Island: Six species show this pattern including Holcoperla angularis. Apteryoperla nancyae (NN), Vesicaperla kuscheli (NN), Species Restricted to DN: Only one species Holcoperla jacksoni (BR, NN, NC), Vesicaperla substirpes Nesoperla patricki shows this distribution. (BR), Vesicaperla eylesi (NN, MB), Notonemoura Species Restricted to FD: Nine species show this latipennis (BR, NN, NC, WD) . pattern including Apteryoperla monticola, Apteryoperla Lowland to subalpine species Restricted to illiesi, Apteryoperla ramsayi, Apteryoperla tillyardi, Northern South Island: Seven species show this Vesicaperla dugdalei, Zelandobius brevicauda, pattern including Acroperla samueli (NN, BR, WD), Zelandobius dugdalei, Notonemoura spinosa, Otehiwi Zelandobius ngaire
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