Steinbauer, MJ, Field, R., Grytnes, J
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Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for Conservation
Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for Conservation JEREMY T. KERR Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, email [email protected] Abstract: Although large reserve networks will be integral components in successful biodiversity conserva- tion, implementation of such systems is hindered by the confusion over the relative importance of endemism and species richness. There is evidence (Prendergast et al. 1993) that regions with high richness for a taxon tend to be different from those with high endemism. I tested this finding using distribution and richness data for 368 species from Mammalia, Lasioglossum, Plusiinae, and Papilionidae. The study area, subdivided into 336 quadrats, was the continuous area of North America north of Mexico. I also tested the hypothesis that the study taxa exhibit similar diversity patterns in North America. I found that endemism and richness patterns within taxa were generally similar. Therefore, the controversy over the relative importance of endemism and species richness may not be necessary if an individual taxon were the target of conservation efforts. I also found, however, that richness and endemism patterns were not generally similar between taxa. Therefore, centering nature reserves around areas that are important for mammal diversity (the umbrella species con- cept) may lead to large gaps in the overall protection of biodiversity because the diversity and endemism of other taxa tend to be concentrated elsewhere. I investigated this further by selecting four regions in North America that might form the basis of a hypothetical reserve system for Carnivora. I analyzed the distribution of the invertebrate taxa relative to these regions and found that this preliminary carnivore reserve system did not provide significantly different protection for these invertebrates than randomly selected quadrats. -
Ocean Drilling Program Initial Reports Volume
Ingle, J. C, Jr., Suyehiro, K., von Breymann, M. T., et al., 1990 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Vol. 128 1. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF LEG 128 OF THE OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM, JAPAN SEA1 Shipboard Scientific Party2 INTRODUCTION in the northern Yamato Basin, first drilled during Leg 127, to conduct two major geophysical experiments aimed at detailing The Japan Sea has been widely viewed as a prime example the structure of the deep crust and upper mantle beneath the of a back-arc basin ever since the emergence of plate tectonic Japan Sea (Fig. 2). We successfully accomplished all of these concepts of convergent margin evolution (Karig, 1971). Abys- tasks. In addition, we cored 190 m into the Miocene volcanic sal water depths exceeding 3000 m point to oceanic crust basement sequence beneath Site 794, initially penetrated beneath the western portions of the sea (Figs. 1 and 2). In during Leg 127, and conducted a pioneering microbiological contrast, tectonically emplaced shallow sills (<150 m) sepa- sampling program at Site 798 to establish the distribution and rate the sea from the adjacent Pacific Ocean and dictate its role of bacteria in the diagenesis of deep marine sediments. unusual oceanographic behavior (Fig. 1). The geology and The new data amassed through Legs 127 and 128 drilling geophysical structure of the Japanese Islands leave no doubt and through geophysical experiments provide heretofore un- regarding the presence of continental crust beneath the Japan available constraints on the timing, rates, and style of forma- Arc, and multiple evidence demonstrates that structurally tion of the deep basins, ridges, and rises of the eastern and isolated continental fragments are present in the Japan Sea central Japan Sea. -
Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics
Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics (a) (b) PLATE 2-1 (a) Coquerel’s Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), a lemur species common to low-elevation, dry deciduous forests in Madagascar. (b) Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are highly social. PowerPoint Tips (Refer to the Microsoft Help feature for specific questions about PowerPoint. Copyright The Princeton University Press. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 2-1 This map shows the major biogeographic regions of the world. Each is distinct from the others because each has various endemic groups of plants and animals. FIGURE 2-2 Wallace’s Line was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace based on the distribution of animal groups. Those typical of tropical Asia occur on the west side of the line; those typical of Australia and New Guinea occur on the east side of the line. FIGURE 2-3 Examples of animals found on either side of Wallace’s Line. West of the line, nearer tropical Asia, one 3 nds species such as (a) proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), (b) 3 ying lizard (Draco sp.), (c) Bornean bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala). East of the line one 3 nds such species as (d) yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), (e) various tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus sp.), and (f) spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculates). Some of these species are either threatened or endangered. PLATE 2-2 These vertebrate animals are each endemic to the Galápagos Islands, but each traces its ancestry to animals living in South America. (a) and (b) Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra). These two images show (a) a saddle-shelled tortoise and (b) a dome-shelled tortoise. -
Endemism Increases Species' Climate Change Risk in Areas of Global Biodiversity Importance
Biological Conservation 257 (2021) 109070 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Endemism increases species’ climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance Stella Manes a, Mark J. Costello b,j, Heath Beckett c, Anindita Debnath d, Eleanor Devenish-Nelson e,k, Kerry-Anne Grey c, Rhosanna Jenkins f, Tasnuva Ming Khan g, Wolfgang Kiessling g, Cristina Krause g, Shobha S. Maharaj h, Guy F. Midgley c, Jeff Price f, Gautam Talukdar d, Mariana M. Vale i,* a Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil b Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodo, Norway c Global Change Biology Group, Department Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa d Department of Protected Area Network, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India e Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK f Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK g GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany h Caribbean Environmental Science and Renewable Energy Journal, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago i Ecology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil j School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand k Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Climate change affects life at global scales and across systems but is of special concern in areas that are Extinction risk disproportionately rich in biological diversity and uniqueness. Using a meta-analytical approach, we analysed Biodiversity hotspots >8000 risk projections of the projected impact of climate change on 273 areas of exceptional biodiversity, Global-200 ecoregions including terrestrial and marine environments. -
Pulsed Miocene Range Growth in Northeastern Tibet: Insights from Xunhua Basin Magnetostratigraphy and Provenance
Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on July 5, 2012 Pulsed Miocene range growth in northeastern Tibet: Insights from Xunhua Basin magnetostratigraphy and provenance Richard O. Lease1,†, Douglas W. Burbank1, Brian Hough2, Zhicai Wang3, and Daoyang Yuan3 1Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA 2Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA 3State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China ABSTRACT the north at ca. 22 Ma. Subsequently, growth and deposition initiating in the late Miocene on of the north-trending Jishi Shan occurred both the northern and eastern plateau margins. Sedimentary rocks in Tibetan Plateau at ca. 13 Ma and is highlighted by an accel- Some of the most compelling evidence derives basins archive the spatiotemporal patterns eration in Xunhua Basin accumulation rates from low-temperature thermochronological his- of deformation, erosion, and associated cli- between 12 and 9 Ma, as well as by a signifi - tories in uplifted mountain ranges where age- mate change that resulted from Cenozoic cant change in detrital zircon provenance of depth or time-temperature relationships exhibit a continental collision. Despite growing under- nearby Linxia Basin deposits by 11.5 Ma. Ini- clear transition to rapid cooling. Accelerated late standing of basin development in northeast- tial growth of the WNW-trending Laji Shan Miocene–Pliocene development of the eastern ern Tibet during initial India-Asia collision, in the early Miocene and subsequent growth plateau margin is revealed by detailed thermo- as well as in the late Miocene–Holocene, sur- of the north-trending Jishi Shan ~10 m.y. -
UC Merced Biogeographia – the Journal of Integrative Biogeography
UC Merced Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography Title Endemism in historical biogeography and conservation biology: concepts and implications Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jv7371z Journal Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography, 32(1) ISSN 1594-7629 Author Fattorini, Simone Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.21426/B632136433 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 32 (2017): 47–75 Endemism in historical biogeography and conservation biology: concepts and implications SIMONE FATTORINI1,2,* 1 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy 2 CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal * e-mail corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism, endemics-area relationship, endemicity, endemism, hotspot, optimality criterion, parsimony analysis of endemism, weighted endemism. SUMMARY Endemism is often misinterpreted as referring to narrow distributions (range restriction). In fact, a taxon is said to be endemic to an area if it lives there and nowhere else. The expression “endemic area” is used to identify the geographical area to which a taxon is native, whereas “area of endemism” indicates an area characterized by the overlapping distributions of two or more taxa. Among the methods used to identify areas of endemism, the optimality criterion seems to be more efficient than Parsimony Analysis of Endemism (PAE), although PAE may be useful to disclose hierarchical relationships among areas of endemism. -
Beyond Refugia: New Insights on Quaternary Climate Variation and the Evolution of Biotic Diversity in Tropical South America
Beyond Refugia: New insights on Quaternary climate variation and the evolution of biotic diversity in tropical South America Paul A. Baker1*, Sherilyn C. Fritz2*, David S. Battisti3, Christopher W. Dick4, Oscar M. Vargas4, Gregory P. Asner5, Roberta E. Martin5, Alexander Wheatley1, Ivan Prates6 1 Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, [email protected] 2 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA, [email protected] 3 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 4 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 5 Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tucson, AZ 85287, USA 6 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract Haffer’s (1969) Pleistocene refuge theory has provided motivation for 50 years of investigation into the connections between climate, biome dynamics, and neotropical speciation, although aspects of the original theory are not supported by subsequent studies. Recent advances in paleoclimatology suggest the need for reevaluating the role of Quaternary climate on evolutionary history in tropical South America. In addition to the many repeated large-amplitude climate changes associated with Pleistocene glacial-interglacial stages (~ 40 kyr and 100 kyr cyclicity), we highlight two aspects of Quaternary climate change in tropical South America: (1) an east-west precipitation dipole, induced by solar radiation changes associated with Earth’s precessional variations (~20 kyr cyclicity); and (2) periods of anomalously high precipitation that persisted for centuries-to-millennia (return frequencies ~1500 yr) congruent with cold “Heinrich events” and cold Dansgaard-Oeschger “stadials” of the North Atlantic region. -
Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Socio-Economic Activities Using Natural Resources J.Y
Biodiversity, ecosystem services and socio-economic activities using natural resources J.Y. Meyer, Yves Letourneur, Claude Payri, Marc Taquet, Eric Vidal, Laure André, Pascal Dumas, Jean-Claude Gaertner, P. Gerbeaux, S. Mccoy, et al. To cite this version: J.Y. Meyer, Yves Letourneur, Claude Payri, Marc Taquet, Eric Vidal, et al.. Biodiversity, ecosystem services and socio-economic activities using natural resources. Payri, Claude (dir.); Vidal, Eric (dir.). Biodiversity, a pressing need for action in Oceania, Noumea 2019, Presses universitaires de la Nouvelle- Calédonie, p. 17-29, 2019, 979-10-910320-9-4. hal-02539329 HAL Id: hal-02539329 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02539329 Submitted on 23 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BIODIVERSITY, A PRESSING NEED FOR ACTION IN OCEANIA Noumea 2019 The authors of the book would like to warmly thank the many people who made it possible to translate the “tagline” of this synthesis work into Oceanian languages, especially the members of the various Oceania language academies, the invited speakers, and the numerous colleagues who forwarded our request. Following this exercise, a large number of different adaptations of this “tagline” have emerged, once again reflecting the vibrant cultural and philosophical diversity of this region of the world. -
Areas of Endemism Are Associated with High Mountain Ranges
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot - areas of endemism are associated with high Received: 23 January 2018 Accepted: 19 June 2018 mountain ranges Published: xx xx xxxx Jalil Noroozi 1, Amir Talebi2, Moslem Doostmohammadi 2, Sabine B. Rumpf 1, Hans Peter Linder3 & Gerald M. Schneeweiss 1 Conservation biology aims at identifying areas of rich biodiversity. Currently recognized global biodiversity hotspots are spatially too coarse for conservation management and identifcation of hotspots at a fner scale is needed. This might be achieved by identifcation of areas of endemism. Here, we identify areas of endemism in Iran, a major component of the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot, and address their ecological correlates. Using the extremely diverse sunfower family (Asteraceae) as our model system, fve consensus areas of endemism were identifed using the approach of endemicity analysis. Both endemic richness and degree of endemicity were positively related to topographic complexity and elevational range. The proportion of endemic taxa at a certain elevation (percent endemism) was not congruent with the proportion of total surface area at this elevation, but was higher in mountain ranges. While the distribution of endemic richness (i.e., number of endemic taxa) along an elevational gradient was hump-shaped peaking at mid-elevations, the percentage of endemism gradually increased with elevation. Patterns of endemic richness as well as areas of endemism identify mountain ranges as main centres of endemism, which is likely due to high environmental heterogeneity and strong geographic isolation among and within mountain ranges. The herein identifed areas can form the basis for defning areas with conservation priority in this global biodiversity hotspot. -
Full Text in Pdf Format
Printed June 2007 Vol. 3: 31–42, 2007 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Endang Species Res Published online May 22, 2007 Global endemicity centres for terrestrial vertebrates: an ecoregions approach John E. Fa*, Stephan M. Funk Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, UK ABSTRACT: Endemic taxa are those restricted to a specific area, and can be defined as the exclusive biodiversity of a region. Areas with high endemic numbers are irreplaceable, and are of high priority for conservation. We investigated global patterns of endemicity of terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) by employing data from World Wildlife Fund-US on 26 452 species distributions (endemic and non-endemic) within 796 ecoregions. Ecoregions represent global ecosys- tem and habitat types at a landscape level. We explored the entire dataset by first using a principal components analysis, PCA, to identify which parameters and ordinations (transformations) best char- acterise the ecoregions. PCA identified the empirical logit transformation of proportional endemicity, not absolute or relative endemicity, as the appropriate variable. We prioritised ecoregions by ranking the empirical logit transformation of proportional endemicity, standardised across animal groups to avoid taxonomic biases. Finally, we analysed how ecoregion characteristics and the degree of isola- tion correlated with endemicity in all studied groups, by fitting logistic regression models. We argue that using our method, conservationists can better -
Colonization, Speciation, and Conservation
30 Oct 2001 16:31 AR AR147-20.tex AR147-20.SGM ARv2(2001/05/10) P1: GJC Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002. 47:595–632 Copyright c 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved ARTHROPODS ON ISLANDS: Colonization, Speciation, and Conservation Rosemary G. Gillespie and George K. Roderick Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words adaptive radiation, fragments, oceanic, endemism, disharmony, isolation ■ Abstract Islands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological char- acteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods. We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is “darwinian” islands (formed de novo) and “fragment” islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant “empty” ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in “neo-endemics.” When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. -
Carya Eral Roots
VIEWPOINT HORTSCIENCE 51(6):653–663. 2016. nut (seed) has hypogeal germination and forms a dominate taproot with abundant lat- Carya eral roots. Leaves are odd-pinnately com- Crop Vulnerability: pound with 11–17 leaflets, borne in alternate L.J. Grauke1 arrangement, with reduction in leaflet number, size, and pubescence as the tree matures. USDA–ARS Pecan Breeding and Genetics, 10200 FM 50, Somerville, TX Seedlings have long juvenility (5–12 years) 77879 and bear imperfect flowers at different loca- tions on the tree. Male and female flowers Bruce W. Wood mature at different times (dichogamy). Male USDA–ARS Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 flowers are borne on staminate catkins in Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008 fascicles of three, with catkin groups formed on opposite sides of each vegetative bud, Marvin K. Harris sometimes with a second pair above, borne Department of Entomology (Professor Emeritus), Texas A&M University, opposite each other, at 90° to the first. The College Station, TX 77843 catkins are borne at the base of the current season’s growth or from more distal buds of Additional index words. Carya illinoinensis, germplasm, diversity, breeding, repository, the previous season whose vegetative axis characterization aborts after pollen shed. This pattern of catkin formation is characteristic of all members of Abstract. Long-established native tree populations reflect local adaptations. Represen- section Apocarya, but is distinct from the other tation of diverse populations in accessible ex situ collections that link information on sections of the genus (Figs. 2–4). Pollen is phenotypic expression to information on spatial and temporal origination is the most produced in very large quantities and is carried efficient means of preserving and exploring genetic diversity, which is the foundation of by wind.