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Sons of Martha: Reshaping the Electric Industry A Novel GCAPl Missense Mutation (L151F) in a Large Family with Autosomal Dominant Cone-Rod Dystrophy (adCORD) Izabela Sokal,1 William J. Dupps,2 Michael A. Grassi,2 Jeremiah Bro wn, Jr,2 3 Louisa M. A ffatigato2 Nirmalya RoychowdhutyLili Yang,' Sfawomir Filipek,5 Krzysztof Palczewski,1 67 Edwin M. Stone,28 and Wolfgang Baehr'310 Purpose. To elucidate the phenotypic and biochemical charac­ ological [Ca2 f], consistent with a lowered affinity for Ca2 f- teristics of a novel mutation associated with autosomal domi­ binding to EF4. nant cone-rod dystrophy (adCORD). Conclusions. A novel L151F mutation in the EF4 hand domain Methods. Twenty-three family members of a CORD pedigree of GCAPl is associated with adCORD. The clinical phenotype underwent clinical examinations, including visual acuity tests, is characterized by early cone dysfunction and a progressive standardized full-field ERG, and fundus photography. Genomic loss of rod function. The biochemical phenotype is best de­ DNA was screened for mutations in GCAPl exons using DNA scribed as persistent stimulation of photoreceptor guanylate sequencing and single-strand conformational polymorphism cyclase, representing a gain of function of mutant GCAPl. (SSCP) analysis. Function and stability of recombinant GCAP1- Although a conservative substitution, molecular dynamics sug­ L151F were tested as a function of [Ca2 f], and its structure was gests a significant change in Ca2 ^-binding to EF4 and EF2 and changes in the shape of L151F-GCAP1. {Invest Ophthalmol Vis probed by molecular dynamics. Sci. 2005;46:1124-1132) DOklO.l l67/iovs.04-1431 Results. Affected family members experienced dyschromatop- sia, hemeralopia, and reduced visual acuity by the second to third decade of life. Electrophysiology revealed a nonrecord- T n rod and cone photoreceptors, two diffusible secondary able photopic response with later attenuation of the scotopic JLmessengers, cGMP1 and Ca2 regulate phototransduc­ response. Affected family members harbored a C—»T transition tion and recovery of photoreceptors from photobleaching. In in exon 4 of the GCAPl gene, resulting in an L151F missense the dark-adapted photoreceptor cells, concentrations of both mutation affecting the EF hand motif 4 (EF4). This change was cGMP and Ca2 f are high (1-10 and 0.5-1 /xM, respectively). absent in 11 unaffected family members and in 100 unrelated High levels of cGMP keep a portion of cGMP-gated cation normal subjects. GCAP1-L151F stimulation of photoreceptor channels in the open state, and photoreceptors are depolar­ ized. The effect of phototransduction is to lower [cGMP] rap­ guanylate cyclase was not completely inhibited at high physi- idly by activation of rod- and cone-specific cGMP phosphodi­ esterases (PDE6s), an event that closes channels located in the plasma membrane, causing hyperpolarization of the cell. In the From the Departments of ‘Ophthalmology. '’Pharmacology, and recovery phase, after shut-off of other activated phototransduc­ •'Chemistry. University of Washington. Seattle. Washington: the ■de­ tion components, cGMP must be replenished by a membrane- partment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and the "Howard associated guanylate cyclase (GC). GC is activated when Ca2 f Hughes Medical Institute. University of Iowa Carver College of Medi­ decreases after photobleaching, as a consequence of the clo­ cine. Iowa City. Towa: the Departments of 4Ophthalmology and Visual sure of cation channels and the continued extrusion of Ca2 f by Sciences. ‘■’Biology, and ll,Neurobiology and Anatomy. University of a light-insensitive Na VCa2 f-K *" exchanger.7 The Ca2 f sensi­ Utah. Salt Lake City. Utah: and the ’International Institute of Molecular tivity of GC is mediated by a set of calmodulin-like Ca2 f- and Cell Biology. Warsaw. Poland. Modeling was partly done at the TCM Computer Centre. Warsaw binding proteins termed guanylate cyclase-activating proteins University. Warsaw. Poland. (GCAPs).9,10 When the Ca2 f concentration decreases below ^Present affiliation: Ophthalmology Associates. San Antonio. 200 nM, Ca2 f dissociates from GCAP, converting it into a GC Texas. activator. Once cGMP levels are replenished to normal dark Supported by National Eye Institute Grants FY09339 (KP). levels, cation channels open again, Ca2 f levels are restored, FY08123 (WB): a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB) to and GCAP reassociates with Ca2 f and reverts into an inhibitor, the Departments of Ophthalmology at the University of Washington terminating GC stimulation. and the University of Utah: a grant from the Macular Vision Research In human retina, two GCs (GCl and -2) and three GCAPs Foundation (WTO: a Center grant of the Foundation Fighting Blindness (GCAPl to -3) have been identified.9"15 GCl (gene symbol (Owings Mills. MD) to the University of Utah: and a grant from the F. K. Bishop Foundation (KP). F.MS is an investigator at the Howard Hughes G U C Y2D ) is located on chromosome 17 at p i 3.1 and GC2 Medical Institute. {G U CY2F) at Xp22. Both cyclases are closely related in struc­ Submitted for publication December 6. 2004: accepted January 2. ture and function, and both are expressed specifically in pho­ 2005. toreceptors.1” Only GCl gene defects have been associated Disclosure: I. Sokal. None: W.J. Dupps. N one: M.A. Grassi. with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA type i)17-ls and domi­ N one: J. Brown, Jr. None: I.M. Affatigato. None: N. Roy- nant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD l),19 whereas pathogenic mu­ chovvdluiry. N one: I,. Yang. None: S. Filipek. None: K. Palczewski. tations in the GC2 gene have not been identified. GCAPl and N one: E.M. Stone. None: W. Baehr. N one -2 are arranged on opposite strands in a tail-to-tail gene array The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page {GUCA1A and G U C A1B) on chromosome 6 at p21.1,2° sepa­ charge payment. This article must therefore be marked ‘advertise­ m en t* in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. rated by a 5-kb intergenic region. The GCAP3 gene (G U CA1C), Corresponding author: W'olfgang Baehr. Moran Fye Center. Uni­ structurally identical with the GCAP1/2 genes, is located on versity of Utah Health Science Center. 15N/2030F FTHG. Salt Lake City. chromosome 3 at q13.1.lj Several missense mutations in two UT 84112: [email protected]. of three functional EF hands of GCAPl (Y99C, E155G, and Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, April 2005, Vol. 46, No. 4 1124 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology IOVS, April 2005, Vol. 46, No. 4 GCAP1-L151F and adCORD 1125 F ig ii r f 1. Clinical data. (A) Pedi­ gree of a family with autosomal dom­ inant cone-rod dystrophy (adCORD). A C—*T transition in exon 4 of GCAPl that, would be expected to result in an 1.151F missense mutation in GCAPl w as identified by SSCP and DNA sequencing. Further analysis re­ vealed that this mutation created an 7?coRI restriction site in th e gene. A 200-bp PCR product, containing this site was generated for all family m em bers and w as subjected to 7?coRI digestion. Unaffected family mem­ bers demonstrated a single uncut, band, whereas affected individuals showed a diagnostic second band {arrow). Individuals from whom blood samples were not. acquired are not. depicted. (B) Examples of fundu- scopic features in adCORD associ­ ated with the GCAPl -1.151F muta­ tion. labels correspond to patient, num bers in Table 1. Top row. Patient. 2 had mild central pigmentary macu- lopathy at. age 40, more evident, with perifoveal RPE transmission defects on angiography {rightmost panel). Middle row. Patient. 2, 17 years later, had marked central atrophy. Bottom row. Patients 4, 19 (33 and 26 years of age, respectively) showed extra- macular pigmentary abnormalities. 1143NT) have been linked to autosomal dominant cone dystro­ C.CAP gene array located at 6p21.l'° and identified a novel phy (adCD).~ A transgenic mouse model expressing missense mutation which cosegregated with affected family C.CAP1-Y99C has recently been shown to produce cone-rod members. The mutation affected C a'+-binding to KF4 and com­ degeneration.'' A fourth mutation (P50L), affecting a variable promised inhibition of activated C.CAPl, leading to persistent Pro residue present only in some C.CAPIs of various species, C.C 1 stimulation in the dark, and presumably elevated levels of has been found to be associated with adCORD.'5 '0' Several cGMP. polymorphisms not linked to disease were discovered in the C.CAP2 gene,27 and recently, a C. 157R missense mutation in the G U C AIJi gene (C.CAP2) has been suggested to be causative of M a t e r ia l s a n d M e t h o d s recessive RP.'X However, one family member carrying the mutation had an asymptomatic normal phenotype; thus, the P a ti e n ts pathogenicity of this mutation is unproved. To date, no patho­ The study was approved by the institutional review board of the genic mutations have been identified in the human C.CAP3 University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and adhered to the gene. tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients comprised a single large Null alleles of C.C1 in humans29 and the deletion of family. There were 11 branches of the family, with 4 branches having C.C1 in mouse30 and other animals31 cause severe retinal dys­ affected family members. We use the term ‘ family” to refer to the trophies. Deletion of C.CAPl and -2 genes in mice, however, descendants of a mult.igenerat.ion pedigree of known related individu­ affects only recovery from bleaching, whereas the retina stays als (Fig. 1). Autosomal dominant, inheritance was evident, with the intact,3' suggesting that C.CAP gene expression is not essential presence of multiple affected individuals in each generation and male- for development or survival of photoreceptor cells.
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