A.E.A. Arch.gen.Psyc-hiat. _., 176-!87 (1960). LSD 801
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and JB 318: A Comparison of Two Hallucinogens
11. A_t F.xplora.tor 5, _tudy
BINYAMIN Z. LEBOVITSPh.D.;, HAROLDM. VISOTSKY,M.D., and ADRIANM. OSTFELD,M.D., Chicago
Introduction and MMI'I were described, compared, and The tlt-st article in this series contained correlated in the initial publication. a description of the purposes and method- The results described in the first paper oh,gy of the study.' The aims of the re- may be summarized as follows: While JB search ,is stated therein were twofold" I1) 318 induced more hallucinations, LSD ad- t_ define the effects of both drugs in terms ministration was oftener followed by changes of psychometric tests, and (21 to corot)are in affect and tu.My image. Both agents sig- the new hallucinogen, Jl; 318 IN-ethyl-3- nificantly elevated the F (Validity), D tfil,eridyl henzilate) with LS1) (lysergic (Depression), Pt (Psychasthenia), and Sc acid diethylamide), a drug that has become (Schizophrenia) scales among the classical a sort of staudard of reference in the area. MMPI scales, as well as D1, D4, Hy3, Scl, rl't'll carefulh" screened medical student Sc2, Sc2 A, and Sc3 of the Harris subscales. vohmteers participated in the double-blind. LSD alone significantly increased the Ma counterbalanced design exI,eriment. "l"hey t Hypomania) scale of the classical scales, ingested 100/_g. of I.S1) on one occasion and the \Vynne Neuroticism Scale, and the 15 rag. of JB 318 on the other. The interx'al Sol A, Sel B, Sc2 B, Sc2 C, DS, and Ma3 between drug experiments was five to eight scales of the Harris subscales. JB 318 alone weeks, t'svchiatric interviews, tape recorded increased Hs (Itypochondriasis) and L and rated, and bodily measurements were (l.ie), among the classical scales and D3, of carried out before and at i/rede:ermined in- the Harris subscales. It decreased Hy2 of lervals after the administration of each the Harris subscales. drug) The Minnesota Multiphasic Per- Subjects whose predrug MMPI exhibited sonatity tn\entorv (MMPl), Rorschach marked constriction, inhibition, and defen- test, Jarvik (.,)uestiomlaire)' and Clyde Mood siveness exhibited the widest range in drug- Scale a were a(hninistered in the 1)redrug induced psychopathology. Some exhibited state and approximately one to two hours almost no change; others figuratively "fell after administration of each agent. The apart." Certain other aspects of the pre- Clvde Mo_t Scale was also administered drug MMPI's correlated with drug effects. three to nine days after each drug experi- The higher the Taylor Manifest Anxiety ment. The effects of the two drugs on be- Scale score on the predrug MMPI the more harlot, on some autonomicallv regulated t)sychol)athology was reported after JB 318. NMv functions, and on the Questionnaire The higher the means of the "Neurotic" and Submitted for publication March 18, 1960. "l_'sychotic" scales on the predrug MMPI Supporte*t by a grant from the U.S. Public the more psychopathology was exhibited tt Lebovlts et al. 85/177 .4R('ItlI'ES" OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY of the major DeVos scoring categories, psychopathologic effects of JB 318 in these Neither drug indnced a _ignificant change in same subjects. any of the _cores. Nor were there any sig- Interrelationshii)s between the Rorschach nificaut ,lifferences between drug effects, variables listed in "Fable l and other drug Similarly, scores achieved during the period effects were sought. Each variable was cor- of effect of the first drug did mJt differ related with the following categories of signiticantly from those made during the drug-induced changes: number of hallucina- second drug trial. Another aspect t_f the tions and illusions, and number of affect faihu-c _,f the drng ext)erilnents to alter changes expressed in rated tapes; % in- the Ror,,chach responses is shown in Table 2. crease in pupil diameter (J13 318) or systolic More than half of the variables showed sig- blood pressure (LSD) ; number of changes 1fificant and positive 51)ea1man rank-order in body image; number of "yes" answers on corlelati(m coet:ficients when the predrug and the Jarvik Questionnaire, and total number the two drug states were c(mal_al-e(l, of psychol)athological 1)henotnena (exclusive In o11h- .he cane. Fc';, did all three in- of the questionnaire). These categories of tercorrelations fail to sh()w at least one sig- drttg effects were chosen because the data nificant c.rrelation. :':,cores achieved dnring were compatible with such a classification, the l,redrug and I,SI) states were most and similar itetns have been discussed fre- similar. The other two comparisons. 1.SD quently in the literature. z's. Jll 318 scores and 1,redrug _'s. JB 318 Table 3 shows the significant correla- scores exhibited an apl)rt)ximately equal tions between the predrug and "peak" frequent) of significant correlation. It is Rorschach variables and the other JB 318 noteworthy that in the l._l) z's. JB 318 effects. Few of the classical scores showed COml)arison, indicators of reactivity (M,xAC) a systematic significant relationship to other and mechanisms of control and "reality con- drug-induced effects when either the pre- tact" IA¢_, Pg,:') exhibited no significant drug or the relevant "peak" Rorschaeh correlati,)n. This finding is in keeping with variables were considered for JB 318. an observation described earlier? The .qI)oradic correlations were observed in the amount of I)sychot)athol()gy exhibited by case of AC'Z and WC_ and a more systematic stlbject_ during the peri(×l of effect of L%1) correlation in the case of P%. Subjects exhibited ,1o significant correlation with exhibiting a relatively low 1'% (luring the TAm,E 2.I('orrehttions t:l,,tzceen the Prcdrug and Drug S'corcs on the Classical and DeUos Rorschach Cah'gories (Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient) Classical Categories LSD rs. J B 318 Predrug rs. JB 318 Prcdrug rs. LSD R 0.g9 *** e,.95 *** 0.89 ,*" _,V c-_ 0.65 ** 0.60 ** 0,12 M % 0.50 0.65 ** 0,95 *** F % 0.52 0.53 0.52 ZC 0.33 0.83 *** 0.62 * A % 0.62 ** 0.5_1 * 0.58 * 1[ % 0.93 *** 0.9tl "*" 0.98 *** P _ 0.47 0.42 0.65 ** A_/Vr 8, 9, 10 0.17 0.50 0.60 ** I)eVos Categori,'s Anxiety _ 0.59 ** 0.54 0.91/*** hostility c_ 0.33 0.15 0.60 ** Body preocetllmtion % 0.80 *** 0.70 ** 0.55 Neutral % 0tV2 ** 0.25 0.69 ** • Signifi(.alwe level P<0.I. • * Sigl|ific;m(.e h'vel P<0.05, "** Significan_ _' level P 86/178 Vol. 3, Aug., 1960 1.NIt AND JB 318 TAm.V: 3.--C'orrclations Bctzcccn R.rsckm'h I'ariabg,'s and Rcltin[ls ,,f l_atho/ogic, t[ Phenomena Obtained During the I),'ri,)d of JB 318" Effect No. of No. Of No. of No. _d P,<',dy- "Yes" Answers Tol:d 8core Halhleinliolls Affect Changes Image Changes (,_ll('Stli)llllaJrt_ l'sychopalhedqa'y W'3;, Pr_(lrllg --0.f_ *** --41.61 *** After JB 318 066 *** M _9 Predrug o63 *'* After JB 318 R Predrug _0.73 *" * After JB 318 F% Predrug After JB 318 C Predrttg After JB 318 P% Predru_ 0.65 *" * 05¢, ° * After JB 318 --0,50 ** -4).62 *** A% Predrug After J t3 318 0.03 "** 0.56 ** --q.67 *** H5; Predrug After JB 31g R%8,9, i0 Predrug 0.74 *** After JB 31_ • The 8Jglllfleant correlatiollS t)etweelrl }loi,whach variables and ra_i)llZS ()f I,S ) i ldlW(,(l Its,, e) ()[);it hi)]ogy V¢ ,re ";O feu, l _l;tL they :ire not illustrated here. °* _[gnifleallee level P <0.l. • ** Signifleance lev(q P <0.05. period of Jl_ 318 effect experienced more t)re()ccut)atitm rest)onses, in percentages. :ire hallucinati(ms and exhibited a larger num- positively related t(, behavior :.tftcr I.. TABLE4.--Correlations Between the DeVos Rorschach Variables and Ratings of Patholo:licaI Phenomena Obtained During the Period of Drug Effect No. of No. of No. of _ Increase, No. of Body- "Yes" Answers Total Scores tIalluelnations Affect Changes Pupil Diameter Image Changes Questionnaire Psychopathology J'B 318 _ Anxiety Predrug 0.62 --0.74 --0.71 After JB 318 c/cHostility Predrug After JB 318 % Body preoeeup_tion Predrug - 089 --9.85 AfterJB 31_ 0.57 9"¢ Neutral Pre(lrug After JB 318 Total (u,m-neutral %) Predrug --0.84 After JB 318 No. of No. of No. of % Intreat, No. of Body "Ye_" Answer8 Total S('or_ llalluclnatlons Affect Changes Systolic B.P. Images Changes Quettlonnttlre Psychop_hology LSD % Anxiety I're(lrug After LSI) _ ltostillty Predrug 0.71 0.N 0.74 After LS D 0.64 0.m 0.$7 % BO( b preoccupation Pred rug 0.80 After LSI) r_ Neutral I)re(lrug --0.83 After LS D --0.84 -0.70 --0._ Total (non-neutral %) Predrug 0.75 0.75 0.60 0.61 • After LSI) 0.63 For correlations above 0.79, P<0.01. Rorschach testwas negatively related to the riod of drug effect. Other significant posi- number ,,f affect changes after JB 318. tive correlations involved the predrug In the case of LSD, both the predrug and hostility responses and number of body im- the "peak" DeVos scores correlated with age changes, "peak" hostility responses and behavioral effects. When the predrug and number of hallucinations, predrug body pre- the peak DeVos scores correlated with the occupation responses and number of affect same behavioral variable, both coefficients of changes, and predrug non-neutral imagery correlation exhibitedthe same algebraic sign. responses with number of body image Both predrug and peak Hostility scores were changes. Other significant negative correla- significantly and positively correlated with tions involved the "peak" neutral responses the nulnber of "yes" answers on the ques- and both number of affect changes and tionnaire and the amount of total psycho- total psychopathology after LSD. pathoh)gy. The total non-neutral imagery on Although the means of the Rorschach var- the predrug and "peak" Rorschach variables iables changed little during the drug experi- was tx)sitively correlated with the number ments, it was deemed worthwhile to examine of affect changes expressed during the pc- the protocols and the MMPI profiles sep- 88/180 Vol. 3, Aug., 1960 _ _ _i _ _ .__=__ _ _._. ARCHII'E5 OF GENERAL t'5YL*HIATRY arately for each subject with the expecta- from the projection of hostility, the idea that tion that the individual-by-individual study someone has taken advantage of hina. He pro- might reveal effects that group scores could jects blame onto the whole world and denies internal and emotional problems. As a conse- not. The ranks for ;ill subjects on all quence, human relationships are seen as dangerous, Rorschach variables and MMPI profiles in and he is irritable and haughty and in s_une ways the I)redrttff state and after both l.Sl) and appears to possess feelings of grandiosity. He Jl { 318 were inspcctc(l. When both drugs seems t() fccl that now he cml drop hb, usual induced a change in rank of 2 ()r more for facade ()( being genial, and the "life of the party." l:te is more uilling to r_'ognize his social dis- any variable and if the changes in rank were c(mlfort; hc can partly discard the role of the in the same direction, that variable was extroverted, assertive, persuasive person with a characterized as being one that reflected a great deal of s(_cial adaptability, and he can deny "characteristic" resl)onse to a stressful ex- that he compulsively loves people. SUB3_:CT 5.--This subject tends to become more l)erience, l'atterns of "characteristic" re- rigid and inflexible. He lacks insight into his si)onses were l)rc'pared for each subject. ]n own motives and Behavior and traitresses one as be- some sub ects, several Rorschach or MM|)[ ing coht and distant. One of his major defenses is variables exhibited major changes in the that of "ohjeetivity"--trying not to become in- satne direeti()n during both drug states; in volved in things, to t_e passively resistant. He is others, only one or two variables were al- unaware of his social stimulus value and seems l<) lack social lx)ise and presence. He easily be- teretl. [n each subject some consistent comes rattled and ut)set. He therefore tries not changes were fOUlld ill t_oth tests. [)atterns 1o make connec)i(_ls t_'tween different aspects of "characteristic" responses common to the of his experience and is openly defensive. He two drugs are described for three randomly auempt'. )o remain relatively mlaware of his own sdected subjects t() demonstrate the wide reactions and anxiety and stresses superficiality range of individual differences in i);ttterns m his relationships with others. Thus, he Rives the impression of t_ng naive and ingenuous. He ,)f response, netuls to be pleasant, agree'able, and ,)pen. It is SuB ll.x:r 4.--This subject resl)cmds by becoming as though he were claiming that he takes people more l)erceptive (more sensitive) to interpersonal at face value, is not suspicious of )heir motives, nuances. Ile makes use of a good s_lse of humor feels (me shouht go by appearances, and believes and is gregarious, seeking conlpanionship. He that everyone should he frank and open. How- takes the initiative in social relalioIMfip, tie is ever, he gives the impression of c(ml,plvin_" with more opm_ to external stinmlation, as well as to the extmrimenter's requests with a vengeance and internal stimnlati(m, but in spite of this there is is probably quite dependent in his relati(ms with a decrease in the hostile content ot his communi- others. cations and thoughts. In fact, "neutral" (socially Clvd," Mood .gcalc.--Tables 5 and 6, re- accepte(t and called for) ideas are signific;mt]y emphasized. He is therefore less depressed and sl)ectively , show the Clyde Mood Scales, be- anxious and appears to lw less caught up in bizarre fore, (luring, and after the effects of I.SI) ideation than others. Social situations and inter- and JB 318.* The mean results are shown actions are eml)hasized, graI>hicalh" in Figures 1 (LSD) and 9 SUBJI'X'T 9.--This suhjec( seems to have turned " (JB into himself; i.e., he is most sensitive to the feel- ,318). LSD induced the subjects to report ings and ideas he is experiencing. These feelings themselves as significantly less Earnest and and ideas fall into the category of diffuse anxiety, more Desperate. These changes were re- complaints, and depression, giving the impression versed several days after the drug. JB 318 that he has heen overwhelmed by his experiences, induce(l subjects to rate themselves as sig- fortte granted.can no longerHe feelstake thathis hefeelingsis unableor histo bodycon- nificantlv less Earnest, less Contented, less trol himself, i.e., that he is at the mercy of Energetic. less Friendly, more Desperate, the environment and internal pressures, which may and more Fearful. These changes were actually force tfim to harm persons around him. reversed; i.e., scores returned approximately againstIt is aswhichthoughboththerehe andwerethe someenvironmentevil in musthim (o predrug level three to nine days later. A1- t)e protected. Thus, he feels he lacks an inte- * One na(*_l scale on one subject was misplaced. crated control over himself and that his ego is The data on him have therefore not been included weak. The danger in large measure seems to arise in this analysis. 911/182 [701. 3. AUg., 1960 LSD AND JB 318 3O °f.....\ _ g /k - Ut o O 20 Fig. 1.--Means of tile o Clyde Mood Scales be- _/) fore, during, and after the period of LSD effect. V v :-°-::::. I0 Earnest Contented Friendly Feorful ,L I I I I I I Adventurous •Energetic Desperote though the Adventurous scale scores were are apparent on inspection. On the second not affected one to two hours after JB 318 predrug and second "peak" administration, administration, they rose significantly sev- subjects scored lower on six of the seven eral days Later. This postdrug rise in the moods. Although these decreases were sta- Adventurous scale scores was part of a tistically significant for only two scales in pattern of scale score changes manifested the predrug comparison and for one scale three to nine days after JB 318 was ad- in the "peak" comparison, a tendency for ministered. Most subjects scored higher on subjects to exhibit lower scores during thr the postdrug Earnest, Contented, Energetic, second experiment was evident. and Friendly scales than on the same pre- drug scales. This postdrug scale score pat- Comment tern is in keeping with the observation that subjects were often hypomanic days to weeks Rorschach Test.--The Rorschach test did after receiving JB 318. 7 No such postdrug not show systematic patterns of changes effects were evident for LSD. attributable to the actions of the drugs or Further comparisons revealed that the dissimilarities between drug effects. How- subjects scored significantly lower on the ever, the content (DeVos) scores exhibited Friendly and Desperate scales before the sec- a highly significant relationship tO the psy- ond drug experience than before the first chopathology manifested during the period one. The order of drug administration had of drug effects. The relationship held true one effect on the "peak" scores. The group both for scores on the predrug test and for scored significantly lower on the Friendly those administered after the drugs. scale during the second drug experience. The failure of the means of the quantita- Two additional features of the data are not tire classical Rorschach variables to be in- fully revealed by statistical evaluation but fluenced by either drug w_as examined. Two Lebovits et al. 91/183 ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 30- A • I I I # "4 I I I 25 I I s 0 I ! I | 20 | I | I / , I, # Fig. Z--Means of the J I _ e Clyde Mood Scalesbe- _ [5' ',_, eI ;I I t fore, during, and after i , I s I I I o the period of JB 318 el- o I n ! e fect. 03 I t _ m t I ! I t I 11 I I 8 10 _ 'i ,' o---o :Before ! I , l ,t , o---..o=During I I I I I !' .---'_= After 5 It !, tl i# t 0 Eornest Contented Friendly Feorful I , I I I Adventurous Energetic Desperote general hypotheses were entertained. 1. The lability was prominent and did, in part, Rorschach test did not show mean changes account for the absence of significant mean because only superficial psychological effects changes. Another explanation of the in- occurred. In view of the major changes in sensitivity of the Rorschach test to drug mood, thought, perception, and behavior effects may be related to the design of the noted by the observers and the significant experiments. All subjects completed the changes in the other tests employed, such an Rorschach test as a screening measure be- explanation is probably erroneous. 2. The fore they received either drug. They may drugs induced notable psychological changes have been able to recall and repeat their that were of such a character that the mean predrug performances during the period of Rorschac[q scores did not reflect them. This drug effect. alternative appeared more defensible. The The fact that the DeVos scores during Rorschach is quite sensitive to individual both predrug and drug states showed a high differences in personality and behavior, correlation with the ratings of pathological %uch individual differences may be canceled phenomena (taped interview data) is not out when data for an entire group are eval- surprising. An examination of Elizur's uated. Examination of individual protocols original study of a similar scoring system of our subjects indicated that individual var- would lead one to expect this. 8 The systems 92/184 Vol. 3, Aug., 1960 L.VD AND JB 318 of DeVos and of Elizur both lean heavily they must meet the test of social conformity. upon a rational analysis of content, the These are the aspects of personality that DeVos system, however, being more corn- are probably better reflected in the MMI'I. prehensive and more descriptive of the par- They represent the defense mechanisms, on ticular affects expressed through content the one hand, and the "patterns" of behavior symbolism. The classical scores, especially (Sullivan's sense), on the other hand, that the color scores, are also related to affect the subjects may use in an attempt to mas- but not in a specific enough manner to ter the threatening aspects of the drug sit- enable the separate emotions to be consid- uation and the need to maintain reasonable ered. Moreover, no over-all score on classes relationships with the authority figures with of emotion can be obtained through the use whom they interact during the experiment. of the classical scores. Our Rorschach results with LSD are not The relative differences in yield between in agreement with those of Levine et al. 1° the Rorschach and the MMPI are partly They found significant differences in M, explicable in terms of the difference Hart- W:M ratio, number of Dd, number of H, ma'n _ makes between the automatisms in and the per cent of responses to the last personality and the pressures of instinctual three cards of the Rorschach test. However, needs. Conflicts and the defenses against there are many differences in the structure them are probably best reflected in the con- _)f the two studies. Levine used an almost tent of the Rorschach test. These are per- equal number of male and female subject., sonality aspects, which are more nearly ( 12 and 9) selected from different popula- unchanging. In the analytic frame of tions. The (loses were in general higher reference, the stages of personality are char- than our., : the time interval between control acterized by the need to develop solutions and drug tests ranged up to 14 months, and for specific conflicts. These conflicts, how- the drug sessions lasted up to 6 hours, at ever. are never completely resolved, and times extending over two sessions. From the defenses used in regard to them are an inspection of their data, it appears that never completely effective. In the Rorschach in their statistical analysis of each variable, content we therefore get a general charac- only those subjects were used who in the terization of these conflicts and the types control test gave such responses. That is, of defenses they evoke. Dreams, daydreams, when M is considered, only subjects givin_ hallucinations, and other fantasy-evoked be- M were compared in regard to the predrug- havior are most closely related to these postdrug changes. Apparently, subjects who conflicts and defenses, and probably the gave no M responses on the predrug Rorschach test is more appropriately utilized Rorschach lest were not included in this for the prediction of fantasy-originated comparison. In our comparisons all sub- behavior, jeers were used when data were available However. in order to adapt to evewday for them. Furthermore, per cents were used living, the subject must develop techniques of meeting the average expectable situations in our study rather than the raw number of resl×mses. Thus, it becomes difficult to in life. These techniques must be relatively make meaningful comparisons between our indewndent of the fantasy elements, at least t_ the degree that they are not rendered findings and those of Levine. However, ineffective. Such techniques are partly hi- many of the qualitative findings they- and erarchical in nature; in given situations we others cite are compatible with our general have an order of techniques we use. If impressions: _'v' We also find, for example, one wt,rks, we stop; if it doesn't work. we that apparently repressed conflicts, urges, go on to other ones. Moreover, these tech- and inner turmoil are more completely mir- niques are develped under the restraining toted in the drug Rorschach test than in influences of social pressures: in the end the predrug test. However, as indicated, the Leboz'its et al. 93/185 ARCHIFfLS OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY qualitative findings will be taken up in a The MMPI, 1 the Rorschach test, and the subsequent publication. Clyde Mood Scale have all clarified certain Clyde Mood Scale.--Six scales showed a aspects of the drug effects. The MMPI and significant change after JB 318, and two the Mood Scale have shown major changes scales, after LSD. If these changes are during the pericxt of drug effect, changes taken at face value, they imply that subjects that correlated well with behavioral observa- were less intent and more desperate after tions made at the same time. The DeVos I_th drugs, and more disorganized and scores of the 14orschach test, both predrug frightened after JB 318. The difference be- and "peak," also correlated with several tween LSD and JB 318 effects may in part aspects of the intensity of the drug psycho- be attributable to the greater hallucinogenic sis. Each of the three tests showed changes and disorganizing properties of JB 318. after LSD that were grossly different in The _×'currence of hallucinations and dis- some respects from those changes after JB organization may be expected to affect the 318, as well as some changes that were subject's usual frame._ of perceptual ref- similar for the two drugs. Since each in- erence and normal behavior patterns and to strumeut apparently assayed different as- induce major mocxt changes. LSD and Jt3 pects of the drug effects, it is evident that 318 probably differ in their sites and mech- all three instruments are useful in assess- anisms of action in the central nervous sys- ments of the effects of these agents in man. tem. These dissimilarities in central action In this, and in the previous, paper the undoubtedly contribute to the differences in data which form the body of the study are their effects on psychometric tests and on presented. In a third, and final, paper we behavior. We have preferred, however, not I,lan to include an evaluation of the indi- to discuss our findings in terms of central vidual patterns of reaction, a qualitative effects of the drugs because of the I_verty analysis of the Rorschach test, and a con- sideration of the basic psychological st'g- of knowledge in this area. nificance of the reported findings. The decrease in the Friendly scale of the Clyde Mood Scale both before and during Summary and Conclusions the second drug experience may be related to the fact that a bit of coercion often had In a counterbalanced design, a series of to be applied to induce the volunteers to psychological tests were administered to 10 take the second drug. As an alternative ex- medical students before and after 100#g. of planation, the fact that the subjects were LSD and 15 mg. of JB 318. The findings less desperate just before administration of on the MMPI, tape-recorded pre- and post- the second drug supports the notion that drug interviews, and the Jarvik Question- the volunteers may have felt less need to naire were described in the first paper in seek friendship and affiliation as a palliative this series. The present paper deals with for anxiety. The changes in mood scale the Rorschach and the Clyde Mood Scale data. scores induced by both drugs reflect accu- rately the written clinical impressions of the i. Neither drug induced significant observers, and the differences in the effects changes tn the means of the classical or _f the two agents on mood emerge clearly. Dev_)s Rorschach variables. The significant increase in the Adventurous 2. The DeVos scores, but not the classical scale and the general increase in all but the scores of the Rorschach test, were signif- Desperate antt Fearful Scale scores reported icantly correlated with the amount and kind several days after JB 318 is likewise in of psychopathology exhibited on the taped keeping with clinical evaluation. _It was ob- interviews. Anxiety and body preoccupa- served that subjects were often hypomanic tion responses (DeVos) were significantly days to weeks after taking the drug. v related to the behavioral effects of JB 318; 94/186 Vol. 3. Au,9., 1960 LSD AND IB 318 hostile and neutral responses, to LSD ef- Hallucinogens: I. An Exploratory Study, A.M.A. fects. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2:390 (April) 1960. 3. 'JB 318 induced a significant decrease 2. Abramson, H. A., and others: Lysergic Acid in the Earnest, Contented, Energetic, and Diethylamide (LSD-25): I. Physiological and Friendly scales of the Clyde Mood Scale Perceptual Response, J. Psychol. 39:3 (Jan.) 1955. and a significant increase in the Fearful and 3. Clyde, D. J.: Self Ratings, in Drugs and Behavior, edited by L. Uhr and J. Miller, New Desperate scales. York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., to be pub/ished. 4. The Adventurous scale scores of the 4. Klopfer, P. ; Ainsworth, M. D. ; Klopfer, VV., Clyde Mood Scale showed a significant el- and Holt, R. : Developments in the Rorschach evation three to nine days after administra- Techniqtm, .VOl. I : T_hnique and Theory, New tion of JB 318 when compared with scores York, World Book Company, 1954. achieved during the period of drug effect. 5. DeVos, G. : A Quantitative Approach to The Earnest, Contented, Energetic, and Affective S_;mbolism in Rorschach Responses, J. Friendly scales all tended to be higher in the Project. Techniques 16:133 (June) 1952. postdrug repetition than in the predrug as- 6. Siegel, S. : Nonparametric Statistics for the sessment. These Mood Scale Score changes Behavioral Sciences, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956. chronologically paralleled a hypomanic state that began shortly after administration of 7. Ostfeld, A. M.; Visotsky, H.; Abond, L., JB 318. and Lebovits, B. Z.: Studies with a New Hal- lucinogen, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 81: 5. LSD induced a significant decrease in 256 (Feb.) 1959. the Earnest scale scores and an increase in 8. Elizur, A.: Content Analysis of the Ror- the Desperate scale scores. These changes schach with Regard to Anxiety and Hostility, were reversed on tests taken several days Rorschach Res. Exchange 13:247, 1949. later. 9. Hartman, H. : Ego Psychology and the Prob- 6. The order of drug administration and lems of Adaptation, J. Am. Psychoanalyt. A., the effects of repeated drug administration Monograph Series No. 1, 1958. had relatively little effect on the Clyde Mood 10. Levine, A., and others: Lysergic Acid Di- Scale scores. Subjects scored significantly ethylamide (LSD-25): XIV. Effect on Personal- lower on the Friendly and Desperate scales ity as Observed in Psychological Tests, J. Psychol. on the second predrug Mood Scale than on 40:351 (Oct.) 1955. the first predrug Mood Scale. The subjects 11. Isbell, H.; Bellevile, R. E.; Fraser, H. F.; scored significantly lower on the Friendly _qkler, A., and Logan, C. R. : Studies on Ly- sergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): I. Effects scale during the second drug experience, in Former Morphine Addicts and Development of Department of Preventive Medicine and Psy- Tolerance During Chronic Intoxication, A.M.A. chiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 76:468 (Nov.) 1956. 840 S. Wood St. (Dr. Ostfeld). 12. Bercel, N. A.; Travis, L. E.; Olinger, L. B., REFERENCES and Dreikurs, E.: Model Psychoses Induced by LSD-25 in Normals: II. Rorschach Test Find- 1. Lebovits, B.; Visotsky, H., and Ostfeld, ings, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 75:612 A. M.: LSD and JB 318: A Comparison of 2 (June) 1936. L_bo_ts et al. 95/187