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Mycological Survey of Río Camuy Caves Park, Puerto Rico

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Mycological Survey of Río Camuy Caves Park, Puerto Rico Ángel M. Nieves-Rivera - Mycological Survey of Río Camuy Caves Park, Puerto Rico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 65, n. 1, p. 23-28. MYCOLOGICAL SURVEY OF RÍO CAMUY CAVES PARK, PUERTO RICO ÁNGEL M. NIEVES-RIVERA Department of Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 9013, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez PR 00681-9013 USA [email protected] The Río Camuy Caves Park is part of the Río Camuy Cave System in the northern karst belt of Puerto Rico. Thirty-nine fungal species and 11 cellular and plasmodial slime molds are new records for caves and sinkholes of the Río Camuy Cave Park. Two of the cellular slime molds Dictyostelium citrinum and D. macrocephalum are new records for Puerto Rico. El Parque de las Cavernas del Río Camuy pertenece al Sistema de Cavernas del Río Camuy en el cin- turón del carso norteño de Puerto Rico. Se informan 39 especies de hongos y 11 hongos mucilaginosos celulares y plasmodiales como nuevos registros para cuevas y sumideros del Parque de las Cavernas del Río Camuy. Dos de los hongos mucilaginosos celulares Dictyostelium citrinum y D. macrocephalum son nuevos registros para Puerto Rico. Fungi play roles in cave communities as saprotrophs or pathogens. Fungi affect the population dynamics of cave biota and contribute in the decomposition of organic matter, making it available to other members of the cave community. Diets of many insect, including cavernicoles, include fungal spores and mycelia (Culver 1982), and spores from at least 15 fungal gen- era probably constitute an important element in the diet of springtails (Collembola: Insecta) (Cubbon 1976; Culver 1982; Roselló et al., 1986). Insects are considered an effective dis- persion vector of fungal spores and other microorganisms because of nonspecific factors in attachment to host insect cuticles (Boucias et al. 1988). Chiropterans, insects, and rodents transport many fungal species to this bat-guano enriched soil environments (Hoff & Bigler 1981). The Río Camuy Cave System [RCCS] is a 15-km long, subtropical karst feature carved by the Camuy River in the subtropical moist forest (Ewel & Whitmore 1973) of northern Puerto Rico. This system, one of the largest caves in Puerto Rico, is part of the National Parks Company of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico natural protected area. In the 1960s, Russell and Jeanne Gurnee described the limestone fea- tures, caves, conservation, and future development, of what is now Río Camuy Caves Park [RCCP] (Gurnee 1967; Gurnee & Gurnee 1974, 1987; Martínez-Oquendo 1983) (Fig. 1). The geology and hydrology of the RCCS were treated by Thrailkill (1967), Monroe (1976, 1980), Torres-González (1983), Troester and White (1986), and Troester (1988, 1994). A recent study (Lugo et al. 2001) summarized what is known about the karst of Puerto Rico (including RCCS), including its impor- Figure 1. Map of Río Camuy Caves Park. Redrawn after tance and anthropogenic impact. Bat-guano enriched soil was Luis Ayala (November 1988) by permission (National formerly mined from Puerto Rican caves (Cadilla 1962; Beck Parks Company of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico), et al. 1976; Campbell 1994; Frank 1998), but the guano in Río based on Gurnee & Gurnee (1974) original map. Camuy caves apparently was not heavily exploited (Cardona- Bonet, pers. comm. 2001). fall for Lares, 7 km SW of RCCP, is 2435 mm. In general, the rainy season in Puerto Rico peaks in May- The vascular flora of the sinkholes and mogotes of RCCP June and August-September. Air temperatures in RCCS range was surveyed by Del Llano (1982) and Vives et al. (1985), from 18-25° C (Mercado, pers. comm. 2000), relative humidi- recording 136 and 73 plant species, respectively. Reyes-Colón ty from 88-100% (Troester 1988), and the average annual rain- (1999) and Reyes-Colón and Sastre-DJ (2000) recorded 50 22 • Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, April 2003 NIEVES-RIVERA species: 31 mosses (11% of the moss flora of Puerto Rico) and a vertical shaft entrance at Empalme Sinkhole. Previous hydro- 19 liverworts (8% of the liverwort flora of Puerto Rico) from logical studies of 2 sites (streamlet/pool R-1 [Fig. 2B] and pool 2 sinkholes (Espiral and Empalme Sinks) in RCCP. R-2, both intermittent) of Cueva Clara reported concentrations The caves and sinkholes of RCCP are inhabited by a vari- of 7.9-8.6 mg/L of dissolved oxygen at 22°C, and 0.131 to ety of invertebrates and vertebrates (Sullivan 1966, 1967; Peck 0.040 mg/L of total phosphorous, respectively (Díaz-Díaz 1974, 1981, 1994; Díaz-Díaz 1982, 1983; Santos-Flores 2001; 1982). Pool water pH has been measured between 9.1 and 9.2 Lugo et al. 2001). Multispecies assemblages of bats are with conductivity rendering 200 µ (Nieves-Rivera, unpubl. reported from RCCP, as is common in many Puerto Rican data). Fecal coliform counts have been reported as 1160 caves (Rodríguez-Durán & Lewis 1987; Conde Costas & cells/mL for R-1 and 1810 cells/mL for R-2, respectively, indi- González 1990; Rodríguez-Durán 1998). With the exception cating a runoff water with high organic input (fecal matter and of the endemic amphipod Alloweckelia gurneei Holsinger & detritus) (Díaz-Díaz 1982). Peck (Holsinger & Peck 1967) and the cave cockroach •Empalme Sinkhole (“Sumidero de Empalme”) Nelipophygus sp. (Peck 1981), no other troglobites have been (18°20’79.9” N, 66°49’11.2” W) is a 99-m wide doline with a reported from RCCS. 125-m deep vertical shaft, connecting directly to Clara Cave Betancourt et al. (1988) recorded 8 genera of mitosporic (Fig. 1) and to the conical-shaped “Cueva Alta del Norte” (Fig. fungi (Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., 2C). At the bottom, and along the upper reaches of the Río Fusarium sp., Geotrichum sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Sepedonium Camuy, numerous collapsed blocks are present, along with top sp., and Rhizopus sp.) from Ensueño Cave (3 km south of soil composed of clay or dirt, leaf litter, mosses, and rocks with RCCP). Eight species of aquatic hyphomycetes lichens. Further description of this doline was given by Gurnee (Brachyosphaera jamaiciensis [Crane & Dumont] Descals, (1967), Gurnee & Gurnee (1974), Reyes-Colón (1999), and Clavariopsis azlanii Nawawi, Dendrosporium lobatum Reyes-Colón & Sastre-DJ (2000). Plakidas & Edgerton: Crane, Isthmolongispora quadricellular- •Tres Pueblos Sinkhole (“Sumidero Tres Pueblos”) ia Matsushima, Tricladiospora brunnea [Nawawi] Nawawi & (18°20’30.5” N, 66°49’26.3” W) is a doline in RCCP, and was Kuth., Tripospermum sp., Varicosporeum giganteum Crane, described by Gurnee (1967) and Gurnee & Gurnee (1974). Xenosporium berkeleyi [Curtis] Pirozynski) were also isolated in river foam from Tres Pueblos Sinkhole (Santos-Flores & FIELD WORK Betancourt-López 1997) in RCCP. This report summarizes a mycological survey of the bat- Field work at Cathedral Cave, Clara Cave, and Empalme guano enriched soil, leaf litter, wood, top soil, streams, and Sinkhole was carried out on 8 August 1999, supplemented by intermittent pools in RCCP. river water and mud samples collected from Tres Pueblos Sinkhole in May 1993. Undergraduate and graduate students, METHODS and professors from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez Campus (Departments of Crop Protection and I conducted a basic inventory of the fungi, and the cellu- Marine Sciences) participated in the survey. lar/plasmodial slime molds at Cathedral Cave, Clara Cave, Empalme Sinkhole, and Tres Pueblos Sinkhole (RCCP, LABORATORY WORK Bayaney topographic quadrangle) (Figure 1). These sites are described below. Fungi were isolated from field-collected samples. Samples of bat-guano enriched soil, leaf litter, wood, water, and soil •Cathedral Cave (“Cueva La Catedral”) (18°21’04.2” N, were collected using sterile plastic bags (Whirl Pak). Higher 66°48’99.3” W), a hydrological inactive cave, is located adja- fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) were collected and cent to the hydrographic basin of the Río Camuy, at the north processed following Nieves-Rivera et al. (1999). Bat-guano end of RCCP (Fig. 1). This cave is 122 m long, with 2 main enriched soil samples were processed according to Orpurt parallel galleries (or chambers), which run north-south and are (1964), Gaur and Lichtwardt (1980), and Rutherford and connected by a short passage, with 2 natural skylights, about Huang (1994). Freshwater fungi sampling followed Sparrow 24 and 38 m above the floor of the cave. The west hall contains (1960), Nieves-Rivera and Betancourt-López (1994) and rock art of presumed aboriginal origin (42 pictographs in total; Santos-Flores and Betancourt-López (1997). Potato dextrose Nieves-Rivera, unpubl. data). agar acidified with 10% lactic acid, Rose Bengal agar, and •Clara Cave [“Cueva Clara de Empalme”, “Empalme Sabouraud’s dextrose agar were used as fungal growth media. Cave” of Peck (1974)] (18°20’85.4” N, 66°49’16.0” W) is Wet mount observations were made with a Nikon Labophoto- located south of Cathedral Cave (Fig. 1). This cave is part of 2 microscope. All voucher specimens were taken to the Center the ancient course of the Río Camuy and is higher than the pre- for Forest Mycology (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest sent river level. The main passage is a diagonal tunnel 115 m Products Laboratory, Sabana Station, Puerto Rico) where they long and 52 m high. A secondary passage extends 30 m to the are being prepared for deposition in the herbarium of the west. The primary entrance is shown in Figure 2A; there is also Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, April 2003 • 23 MYCOLOGICAL SURVEY OF RÍO CAMUY CAVES PARK, PUERTO RICO Figures 2A-C. Río Camuy Caves Park study sites. A. Main entrance of Clara Cave. B. Intermittent streamlet R-1 seen from inside Clara Cave. C. Inside Empalme Sinkhole (with a view of Cueva Alta del Norte), mesophytic forest, Río Camuy is at the bottom.
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