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Entwicklung Einer Biosensorischen Durchfluss-Messmethode Für Die Qualitätskontrolle Von Pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln Und Gesundheitsrelevanten Nahrungsbestandteilen Sowie

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Entwicklung Einer Biosensorischen Durchfluss-Messmethode Für Die Qualitätskontrolle Von Pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln Und Gesundheitsrelevanten Nahrungsbestandteilen Sowie Entwicklung einer biosensorischen Durchfluss-Messmethode für die Qualitätskontrolle von pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln und gesundheitsrelevanten Nahrungsbestandteilen sowie Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von ionisierender Strahlung auf Cysteinsulfoxide und Proteine Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Fadi Tannous aus Damaskus Marburg/Lahn 2008 Vom Fachbereich der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen Erstgutachter : Dekan Prof.Dr. M. Keusgen Zweitgutachter: Prof.Dr. Maike Petersen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung am 02.07.08 Für meine Eltern und Geschwister Danksagung Ich bedanke mich bei allen Kollegen des Instituts für Pharmazeutische Biologie, mit denen ich in den letzten Jahren in stets freundlicher Atmosphäre zusammengearbeitet habe. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt insbesondere den Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgruppe Keusgen. Im Speziellen möchte ich Dank aussprechen an - Herrn Prof. Dr. M. Keusgen für die Überlassung des Themas, die unermüdliche Betreuung der Arbeit sowie seine Unterstützung durch vielfältige Ideen und Ratschläge - Frau Prof. Dr. Petersen für die Übernahme des Co-Referats - den Mitgliedern der Prüfungskommission, Herrn Prof. K. Kuschinsky und Herrn Prof. Dr. U. Bakowsky - der seligen Frau Gisela Reich-Kellner für die technische Unterstützung im Labor und Herrn Michael Knörr (ehem. Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Karlsruhe, neu MRI genannt) für die Bestrahlung der untersuchten Proben - in besonderer Weise Herrn em. Prof. A. E. Ehlemann für die Einführung in die Bestrahlungsanlage und zahlreiche Diskussionen über die Lebensmittel- Bestrahlungswelt - Herrn Dr. R. M. Fritsche, Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, für die Überlassung von Allium- Frischmaterial, - der Fa. Finzelberg, Andernach, für die Überlassung von Proben und Knoblauchpulver, -chips und –granulat sowie der Fa. REX & Emslamd, Quankenbrück, für die Überlassung von Eiklarproben - Herrn Dr. J. Norwig (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) für die Ermöglichung der Durchführung des ATR-IR-Experiments - Frau Dr. B. Arendt sowie Herrn Prof. Dr. Roland Goerlich für die Bereit- stellung des Labors zur Durchführung der Comet Assay–Untersuchung sowie Herrn Dr. B. Fuhrmann für die Lieferung des Fördersystems. Ganz herzlich bedanke ich mich bei meinen Eltern, ohne deren bedingungslose Unterstützung die Durchführung dieser Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Meinem Heimatland Syrien, besonderes dem Ministerium für Hochschulwesen und der Agentur für Atomenergie in Damaskus danke ich für die Fernbetreuung. Ebenso gilt mein Dank Freunden in meiner zweiten Heimat, insbesondere Frau B. Gebhardt sowie der Germanistin Frau R. Lülsdorff für das Korrekturlesen, die zahlreichen Sprachvorschläge sowie ihre stetige Aufmunterung und die Vertiefung meiner Heimatgefühle für Deutschland. Publikationen aus der Promotionsarbeit ¾ Tannous F. Entwicklung von Screening-Verfahren zwecks Qualitätskontrolle von hochwertigen pflanzlichen Inhaltstoffen mittels FIA-Technik Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Prof. Dr. Keusgen M., Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung. (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) 14.-15. März 2005 in der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel in Karlsruhe. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 2005; 40. ¾ Tannous F. Untersuchung des Einflusses von ionisierenden Strahlen auf die Qualität von verschiedenen Knoblauchvarietäten mit Hilfe eines Biosensors Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Prof. Dr. Keusgen M., Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung.(Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) 14.-15. März 2005 in der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel in Karlsruhe. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 2005; 40. ¾ Tannous, F. Keusgen M., Norwig J., Buening-Pfaue Unterscheidung von pasteurisiertem und bestrahltem Eiklar mittels MIR-ART-Technik, Lebensmittelchemie (2005) 59: 8-9. ¾ Storsberg J., et al., Keusgen M., Tannous F. Chemical Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between Allium cepa L. and Allium kermesinum Rchb. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Aug 25; 52(17): 5499-505. S u m m a r y Modern vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension, metabolic ones such as diabetes and asthma as well as other widespread complaints will be with us in human history as a seemingly inevitable, often life-threatening evil of this time. It is, however, not an unavoidable fact. For a balanced diet and the use of natural products often avoid the need of various chemical medications and the occurrence of related side effects. Therefore in recent years, pharmaceutical and food industry have competed to respond to the wishes of consumers in the best imaginable way possible. Insofar natural substances, have obtained new concepts through the food industry, such as functional food, innovative food or GM food etc. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical industry is aware of this development and consequently offers pharmaceuticals, focusing on non-chemical additives, namely raw herbal or animal extracts, taking into account that sufficient biochemical and pharmacological examinations have recognized raw extracts in pharmacons as a more effective means than those prepared ingredients such as compound nutrients or medicines. Garlic as a carrier of valuable natural substances and egg white as a healthy donor of proteins, both in pure form or as an ingredient of a preparation, with their high quality components are in the focus of this work. In order to reach this goal, garlic as a representative of the genus Allium (All. sativum), a well-known remedy that has been used for medical products in folk medicine for thousands of years, was examined for their sulfur compounds (Thiosulfonates) as precursors of healing agents (as Allylsulfuren , Allicin, Ajoen and Allixin). In addition, the impact of preservation by ionizing radiation was checked To gain access to the relevant substances in recent years, a competition was started in the context of instrumental analysis. The fastest and most environmentally friendly method has been called “biosensor”. Accordingly, in this study, a biosensor was developed, which - for the first time – operated on a sensitive, fluorescence-specific analysing and measuring technique (FIA Biosensor), with a sufficient sensitivity to a detection limit of 0.9 µ M NH3 ± 2%. Hereby a possibility of scanning was found tracking the entire preliminary stage of S-Alk (en) yl-L-Cysteine sulfoxides as an evidence of the value of medical plants containing Cysteine sulfoxides. These precursors have recently been demonstrated in mushrooms as well. For the development of the FIA –Biosensor, the biochemical occurrences released by the squashing of garlic were simulated and implemented in a technical apparatus. Thus the enzymatic conversion (C-S- Lyase) of the non-proteinogene amino acids takes place (Cysteine sulfoxides as precursors, represented by Alliin, Isoalliin, Propiin, Methiin) in the strongly smelling and irritant substance of Cystein as well as in other products like Pyruvates and Ammonia. Ammonia is released under the effect the Alliinase [EC 4.4.1.4] at a ratio of 1:1 to the amount of the occuring Cysteine sulfoxides in the investigated plant. Because of that Ammonia was used as a key for hunting up the Cysteine sulfoxides in the FIA-biosensor development. This enzymatic reaction was made possible for the Biosensor due to a buffer and Carrier system, which optimized the alkaline medium (pH 10.5) and transferred the released Ammonia into a detectable fluorescent derivative. The enzyme reactor had been developed particularly for this purpose, was created by the immobilization and optimization of the enzyme (diluted at the ratio of 1:10) on the substrate (Concanavalin Agarose/Con A). The arrangement took place in a conveying technique (FIA). Within the 3 - to 4-minute measurement, it was possible to determine the entire content of Cysteine sulfoxides in aqueous (40 µl as sample volumes) plant extract. Lengthy steps such as pre-derivatization processes and incubations, which are usually used with the HPLC or comparable analysing systems, had become superfluous. After the further optimization and after connecting the system to an autosampler, the entire content of Cysteine sulfoxides (CS) of dozens or even hundreds of samples could be analyzed reliably in unbeatable time and arranged in a chemo-taxonomical data base. The CS-content of the examined and inventoried samples (provided with alphanumeric designation) for the data base was in the range between 0.06 and 3.66% CS (related to the weight of the examined plant material), where (around the usual and well-known average of 0.50 1.25% CS) many species and some hybrids of the genus Allium are obviously located. Apart from the possibility of determining the activity of the enzyme as well as the specifity of Alliinase, the change of CS through ionising radiation (beta radiation 5-10 MeV) could be proved with the FIA sensor for the first time due to the work on hand. Sulfurous proteins such as CS are considered as very sensitive to radiation. To that extent it was possible, in particular in the unprocessed variants of garlic (i.e. normal fresh
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