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A Study of Financial Crises, and Their Relation to the Oil and Gas Industry”

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A Study of Financial Crises, and Their Relation to the Oil and Gas Industry” MASTER THESIS WITHIN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION “A study of Financial Crises, and their Relation to the Oil and Gas Industry” Ingrid Schiefloe Spring 2012 DET SAMFUNNSVITENSKAPELIGE FAKULTET, HANDELSHØGSKOLEN VED UIS MASTEROPPGAVE STUDIEPROGRAM: OPPGAVEN ER SKREVET INNEN FØLGENDE SPESIALISERINGSRETNING: Master i Økonomi og Administrasjon Anvendt Finans ER OPPGAVEN KONFIDENSIELL? Nei TITTEL: ”En studie av finanskriser, og deres relasjon til olje og gass industrien” ENGELSK TITTEL: ”A study of Financial Crises, and their Relation to the Oil and Gas Industry” FORFATTER VEILEDER: Studentnummer: Navn: Loran Grady Chollete 212607 Ingrid Schiefloe OPPGAVEN ER MOTTATT I TO – 2 – INNBUNDNE EKSEMPLARER Stavanger, ……/…… 2012 Underskrift administrasjon:…………………………… I Executive Summary This thesis investigates the relationship between the main oil indicators and the probability of a financial crisis. The main oil indicators include oil consumption, oil production and oil price. The financial probability is based on Carmen Reinhart’s BCDI+ index, which is a financial turbulence index, and Robert Barro’s definition of crises based on a cumulative decline in GDP and ‘Consumption’. The methodology used in order to establish a quantitative relationship between the main oil indicators and the probability of a financial crisis is: Poisson regression and Logistic regression. As to the current knowledge, this methodology has not been used before. The first section is a qualitative analysis of the issue, starting with an introduction of financial crises over the last century and the history of the oil and gas industry, subsequently moving on to James Hamilton’s (1983) analysis of its relation to the economy. The section continues with an introduction to Carmen Reinhart’s theory and data from the book ‘This Times is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly’ where the BCDI+ index is explained. The section ends with an examination of Robert Barro’s working paper ‘Macroeconomic Crises since 1870’ where he uses a cumulative decline in ‘Consumption’ and GDP to identify crises. The second section uses a quantitative approach to further analyze and justify the issue in concern. This section starts with an overview of data and methodology, where some basic descriptive statistics, in addition to a contingency table, are included for each variable. The aim of including this part was to assess the data’s reliability and validity and get a basic indication of whether or not the data point out any crises. After this, a correlation analysis of the variables is performed. The final and most important part of the quantitative analyses includes various logistic regressions and Poisson regressions. The thesis ends with a conclusion which presents the findings from the quantitative analyses, performed to reveal the relationship between the probability of a financial crisis and the main oil indicators. Oil consumption and oil production were excluded from the regressions because of inadequate data. The analysis gave some ambiguous results in how an increase in the oil price increases the probability of a financial crisis. Three possible explanations for these ambiguous results are the volatility of the oil price, the behavior of the oil price during the crises defined with a binary variable equal to ‘one’ in the regressions, and the position of oil price in the global economy. II Table of Contents Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................II Preface ............................................................................................................................................. VI 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................7 1.1 Approach to the problem ....................................................................................................7 1.2 Limitations...........................................................................................................................9 2.0 Financial Crises from 1900 to 2012 ........................................................................................ 10 2.1 Panic of 1907 ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 World War I ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Hyperinflation ................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 The Great Depression ........................................................................................................ 12 2.5 World War II ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.6 The Oil Shock ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.7 The Latin American Debt Crisis .......................................................................................... 15 2.8 The Asian Financial Crisis ................................................................................................... 15 2.9 Financial Crisis of 2007 – ‘The Great Recession’ ................................................................. 17 3.0 Oil, Macro economy and Financial Crises ............................................................................... 20 3.1 The Black Gold ................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 ‘Oil and the Macro economy since World War II”............................................................... 23 4.0 ‘Two Approaches to Studying Crises and Disasters’ ............................................................... 25 4.1 BCDI Index ......................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 ‘Macroeconomic Crisis sine 1870’ ...................................................................................... 28 5.0 Data and Methods ................................................................................................................. 30 5.1 Quantitative versus Qualitative research ........................................................................... 30 5.2 Primary vs. Secondary Data ............................................................................................... 30 5.3 Reliability and Validity ....................................................................................................... 31 5.3.1 Validity ...................................................................................................................... 31 5.3.2 Reliability ................................................................................................................... 31 5.4 Data categorization ........................................................................................................... 32 5.5 BCDI+ Index ....................................................................................................................... 34 5.6 Gross Domestic Product and Consumption ........................................................................ 39 5.7 Oil Consumption and Oil Production .................................................................................. 44 5.8 Oil Price ............................................................................................................................. 46 6.0 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 48 III 6.1 Correlation ........................................................................................................................ 48 6.1.1 Correlation ’OECD’ ..................................................................................................... 49 6.1.2 Correlation ’OPEC’ ..................................................................................................... 49 6.1.3 Correlation ’Non-OECD/OPEC’ ................................................................................... 50 6.2 Logistic Regression ............................................................................................................ 50 6.2.1 Logistic Regression – SPSS Output .............................................................................. 51 6.2.2 Logistic Regression ..................................................................................................... 53 6.2.3 Logistic Regression ‘OECD’ ......................................................................................... 54 6.2.4 Logistic Regression ‘OPEC’.......................................................................................... 57 6.2.5 Logistic Regression ‘Non-OECD/OPEC’ ........................................................................ 58 6.2.6 Summary Logistic Regression ..................................................................................... 59 6.3 Poisson Regression ............................................................................................................ 62 6.3.1 Poisson Regression - SPSS output ............................................................................... 63 6.3.2 Poisson Regression ‘OECD’ ........................................................................................
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