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In the Shadow of the Wall Wildlife on the Line in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands [ Cover Exclusive ]

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In the Shadow of the Wall Wildlife on the Line in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands [ Cover Exclusive ] WINTER 2018 THE VOICE OF DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE In the Shadow of the Wall Wildlife on the line in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands [ cover exclusive ] WA ‘big beautifulALLED wall’ would devastate wildlife OFF populations on both sides of the border ilver tresses of Spanish moss sway beneath a mesquite tree’s thorny crown on a breezy August afternoon Salong the Texas border in Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge. The chatter of an Altamira oriole and a great kiskadee fills the air, plain chachalacas search for seeds in the leaves, and black-crested titmice feast on hackberry fruit. Presiding over it all is the Rio Grande. In the dry season, when the sky withholds and the river withdraws, these birds know how to persevere, having lived in relationship with 2 | DEFENDERS WINTER 20182016 WALLED OFFBy Krista Schlyer this land through the ages. But of the 2,000-acre preserve on the new—the federal government built for all species there is a breaking Mexican side of the border barrier. approximately 650 miles of border point, a culmination of challenges “Santa Ana is a real jewel of the barrier nearly a decade ago before that exceeds an animal’s ability refuge system,” says Ken Merritt, aborting the idea. In the process, it to adapt. Such a challenge may former manager of the South Texas severed ecological connections on soon present itself at Santa Refuge Complex. “It’s about the a landscape that wildlife scientists Ana—and to all the wildlife along worst place you could put up a wall.” consider one of the most biologically the entire U.S.-Mexico border. And this precious gem of a refuge diverse in the Western Hemisphere. Early last year, the Department is just the beginning. President This rare ecological complexity of Homeland Security began Donald Trump has vowed to along the southern border comes planning construction of a expand wall construction across largely from its topographical border wall through the northern the entire 2,000-mile border, variety. Steep climbs in elevation third of the refuge, which, if dividing ecosystems and human give rise to mixed mountain built, would bisect the largest communities, amputating the North ecosystems—known as “sky remaining remnant of a globally American landscape at its knees. islands”—surrounded by vast rare ecosystem and isolate much Trump’s intention is not desert communities. And because SARTORE/WWW.JOELSARTORE.COM JOEL © www.defenders.org | 3 [ cover exclusive ] the borderlands are located within In the past 10 valley resident who attended the the gentle transition zone between protest summed up the feelings of tropical and temperate climates, years, scientists many that day saying, “I’m opposed species that don’t coexist anywhere to the wall. I don’t want to lose this else in the world live side by side. have documented habitat for animals.” The borderlands are home to javelinas, desert In fact, just weeks before, the more than 180 federally threatened founder of the National Butterfly and endangered species, including cottontail, deer, Center—a 100-acre sanctuary dedi- the jaguar, Mexican gray wolf, cated to the conservation and study peninsular bighorn sheep and toads, snakes and of monarchs and 200 other butterfly Sonoran pronghorn. A viable future species east of the refuge—was for each of these and many more wild cougars stranded shocked to find a work crew with creatures depends on open migration chainsaws and mowers cutting down pathways to and from Mexico. in places where the trees and vegetation on restored Given the threat a border wall habitat to make way for the wall. The poses to North American wildlife, wall already exists. sanctuary’s private property lies a many advocates—along with few miles north of the border. Defenders—are gearing up for a wildlife advocates from across the Director Marianna Trevino- hard fight. “Santa Ana is the first nation supported hundreds of local Wright says when she confronted battle in the war against a Trump organizers to converge on Santa the crew and told them to leave, the wall,” says Bryan Bird, Defenders’ Ana. Forming a line nearly a mile supervisor told her that U.S. Customs Southwest program director “If the long on the Rio Grande levee, they and Border Protection would be in refuge is damaged a major wildlife held hands in a show of support for touch, and she was later informed corridor is seriously compromised.” the wildlife that rely on Santa Ana. that the agency had the authority to Last August, Defenders and Zulema Hernandez, a 76-year-old enter any property within 25 miles The jaguarundi has barely escaped extinction in the United States but still finds refuge within Santa Ana. © STEVE WINTER/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE © JOACHIM MÜLLER/FLICKR© S. (CAPTIVE) 4 | DEFENDERS WINTER 2018 The recovery of the jaguar is intrinsically tied to larger populations across the international boundary. of an international border. The Jaguars, ocelots, and jaguarundis traveling the Central and Mississippi sanctuary mounted a legal fight, and once roamed the valley with their flyways with their safest route. in October filed its intent to sue the more northerly cousins, the cougar More than 500 bird species rely Department of Homeland Security and bobcat—a gathering of wild on the South Texas landscape, a for violating private property rights felines at an ecological crossroads dependence grown ever-tenuous since and the Endangered Species Act. where coastal climate meets deserts the Spanish arrived in the 1700s If constructed, the wall would and grasslands. This landscape and began hunting and dividing the leave two-thirds of the sanctuary’s drew in all types of animals from landscape. land on the other side of the wall. coatimundi and Texas tortoise to one By the early 1900s, U.S. agricul- Federal lands—like Santa Ana of the most complex insect communi- tural expansion and flood-control National Wildlife Refuge—are even ties in temperate North America, measures had nearly erased the native easier for the Trump administration with more than 300 butterfly species thorn forest. to seize. including monarchs, malachites, By 1939, the 12 million white- This refuge was established in 1943 queens and American snouts. winged doves that had annually when human development threatened The Lower Rio Grande, converged on the valley dropped to utterly erase the native habitat of sandwiched between the vast to 500,000. The once-numerous the Lower Rio Grande Valley, along Gulf of Mexico to the east and chachalaca, dubbed the “wily with the rich diversity of wildlife that the Chihuahuan Desert to the Mexican pheasant,” had almost had relied on it since the dawn of the west, provides 80 percent of North entirely disappeared here. But in 1936 modern era. America’s migrating bird species the United States and Mexico signed www.defenders.org | 5 [ cover exclusive ] the Migratory Bird Treaty and the DISAPPEARING SPOTS FOR OCELOTS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) began buying land to provide refuge The Lower Rio Grande for birds and other wildlife. wildlife refuges total only Given its critical role in bird about 200,000 acres— preservation, Santa Ana was one of not nearly enough to the first refuges established in the sustain Texas ocelots state of Texas. long term. FWS is trying to Standing on this land 75 years acquire more refuge land later, the importance of this designa- before it is developed, tion is readily apparent. but funds are lacking and Today Santa Ana is an island of the pressure to develop is habitat in a world of pavement and intense. The only refuge where the cats crops where human development still survive is Laguna Atascosa—with destroyed more than 95 percent of about 30. A second, slightly larger the thorn forest. Many of the valley’s population exists 30 miles away in Willacy birds have grown rare, and the last and Kenedy counties, primarily on private jaguar in South Texas was shot in ranches. Surrounded by roads, ocelots are 1948. The ocelot and jaguarundi often hit by vehicles—seven of them fatally have barely escaped extinction in the from mid-2015 to 2016. The best hope United States but they still find refuge for long-term survival of ocelots in the within Santa Ana. United States is to connect the two FWS and others have worked for remaining populations with each decades to transform the Rio Grande other and with ocelots in Mexico. © JOEL SARTORE (CAPTIVE) NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ARK PHOTO Valley’s tattered habitat remnants, using approximately $100 million in federal funding to buy and restore according to FWS figures,” says Rob waters during extreme weather. some of its last available land and to Peters, Defenders’ Southwest senior “If they build the levee border wall, connect it with other protected lands representative. Similarly, ensuring full the current levee—which any animal in the United States and Mexico. recovery of the critically endangered can go up and over—will become a The cornerstone of this effort, Mexican gray wolf would cost the sheer 30-foot wall,” says Peters. “If the South Texas Refuge Complex, same as building 10.5 miles of the wildlife can’t get over it, they are all includes Santa Ana and the Laguna wall. “By not building one-half-mile going to drown.” Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge— of border wall, the $12 million we’d It’s happened before. where one of the last breeding popula- save could pay for one year’s expenses During the 2010 flood, sections tions of ocelots live—as well as 115 toward full recovery of the wolf and of border wall built in 2008 blocked refuge tracts along the final 275-mile ocelot plus the jaguar and Sonoran wildlife from escaping floodwaters on stretch of the Rio Grande.
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