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Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” University of Warsaw Library 203 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Nowy Swiat (New World) in Warsaw Old meets new 204 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Old Town Warsaw 205 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Old Town Warsaw 206 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” High School Band Concert in a Warsaw Park near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 207 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw 208 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Original Walls of Old Town Warsaw 209 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Lazienki Park in Warsaw 210 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Article about Dabrowski found on wall inside Dabrowski’s “hidden” Institute at Zagorze 211 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Catholic University of Lublin (KUL) and Professor Malgorzata, Ph.D. 212 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Dr. Tatala and the researcher at the Faculty Dining Room Catholic University of Lublin (KUL) 213 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Majdanek Concentration Camp 214 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Dr. Tatala, the researcher, and Dr. Kuwalek - (historian at Majdanek Concentration Camp) on a tour of the camp 215 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Crematoria at Majdanek Concentration Camp 216 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Entrance to Majdanek Concentration Camp Exit monument that contains the ashes of victims is visible as the small dome on the horizon. 217 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Entrance to Auschwitz Concentration Camp Oswiecim, Poland, 55 kilometers west of Krakow The German is “Work will set you free”. 218 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Old Town - Krakow 219 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Polish band in Krakow square 220 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Landscape outside Krakow - near Wadowice where the researcher’s grandfather was born and lived before emigrating to the United States 221 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” The researcher holding a bouquet of blessed flowers outside a Krakow church on August 15, 2001, the Feast of the Assumption, a Polish national holiday 222 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Wawel Castle in old town Krakow 223 Photo taken by the researcher “journeying in the footsteps of Dabrowski” Researcher outside the Montelupich Prison archive in Krakow 224.

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A Historical Guide to the German Camp in Płaszów 1942–1945
a historical guide to the german camp in płaszów 1942 płaszów in camp german the to guide historical a Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 A map with a visiting route inside – 1945 Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 © Copyright by Institute of National Remembrance – Commission of the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, 2014 REVIEVER dr Joanna Lubecka EDITING Rafał Dyrcz TRANSLATION AND PROOFS Kamil Budziarz, Language Link Dorota Plutecka, Language Link PROOFREADING Tytus Ferenc GRAPHIC DESIGN, TYPESETTING AND PRINT Studio Actiff / www.actiff.pl Photos from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance (1-6, 10, 12-15, 17-27, 29, 31-37, 42-43, 45-46, 48, 52, 55-57, 59), the National Archives in Kraków (7, 9, 11, 16) and Ryszard Kotarba (8, 28, 30, 38-41, 44, 47, 49-51, 53-54, 58). Photo on the cover from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 978-83-932380-8-8 Foreword In 1939, the Republic of Poland was attacked by Germany (supported by Slovakia) and the Soviet Union. Although France and the UK declared war on Germany, they did not pursue any activities to provide their Polish ally with any real assistance. Despite its total defeat and its entire territory being occupied, Poland did not surrender. Escaping to France and then to the UK, the authorities of the Republic of Poland demonstrated legalism and maintained the continuity of the Polish state. Poland as a state continued to be an actor of international law, and within the Allied bloc, it was the legal representative of all the citizens of the Republic of Poland – regardless of their nationality, religion or political views.
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Poland Study Guide Poland Study Guide
Poland Study Guide POLAND STUDY GUIDE POLAND STUDY GUIDE Table of Contents Why Poland? In 1939, following a nonaggression agreement between the Germany and the Soviet Union known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was again divided. That September, Why Poland Germany attacked Poland and conquered the western and central parts of Poland while the Page 3 Soviets took over the east. Part of Poland was directly annexed and governed as if it were Germany (that area would later include the infamous Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz- Birkenau). The remaining Polish territory, the “General Government,” was overseen by Hans Frank, and included many areas with large Jewish populations. For Nazi leadership, Map of Territories Annexed by Third Reich the occupation was an extension of the Nazi racial war and Poland was to be colonized. Page 4 Polish citizens were resettled, and Poles who the Nazis deemed to be a threat were arrested and shot. Polish priests and professors were shot. According to historian Richard Evans, “If the Poles were second-class citizens in the General Government, then the Jews scarcely Map of Concentration Camps in Poland qualified as human beings at all in the eyes of the German occupiers.” Jews were subject to humiliation and brutal violence as their property was destroyed or Page 5 looted. They were concentrated in ghettos or sent to work as slave laborers. But the large- scale systematic murder of Jews did not start until June 1941, when the Germans broke 2 the nonaggression pact with the Soviets, invaded the Soviet-held part of Poland, and sent 3 Chronology of the Holocaust special mobile units (the Einsatzgruppen) behind the fighting units to kill the Jews in nearby forests or pits.
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Jewish Behavior During the Holocaust
VICTIMS’ POLITICS: JEWISH BEHAVIOR DURING THE HOLOCAUST by Evgeny Finkel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 07/12/12 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Yoshiko M. Herrera, Associate Professor, Political Science Scott G. Gehlbach, Professor, Political Science Andrew Kydd, Associate Professor, Political Science Nadav G. Shelef, Assistant Professor, Political Science Scott Straus, Professor, International Studies © Copyright by Evgeny Finkel 2012 All Rights Reserved i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been written without the encouragement, support and help of many people to whom I am grateful and feel intellectually, personally, and emotionally indebted. Throughout the whole period of my graduate studies Yoshiko Herrera has been the advisor most comparativists can only dream of. Her endless enthusiasm for this project, razor- sharp comments, constant encouragement to think broadly, theoretically, and not to fear uncharted grounds were exactly what I needed. Nadav Shelef has been extremely generous with his time, support, advice, and encouragement since my first day in graduate school. I always knew that a couple of hours after I sent him a chapter, there would be a detailed, careful, thoughtful, constructive, and critical (when needed) reaction to it waiting in my inbox. This awareness has made the process of writing a dissertation much less frustrating then it could have been. In the future, if I am able to do for my students even a half of what Nadav has done for me, I will consider myself an excellent teacher and mentor.
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Summary This Is a Testimonial of 3 Men, Yehuda Friedman, Yosef Halperstein and a Third Person Who Referred to Himself Twice As Eintracht
http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection Yehuda Friedman & Yosef Halperstein RG‐50.308*0013 Note from Writer of Summary This is a testimonial of 3 men, Yehuda Friedman, Yosef Halperstein and a third person who referred to himself twice as Eintracht. I believe he might be Moshe or Marcel Eintracht (maybe Marcel is a nick name?) according to this photo, his name was Moshe. Also found this on Yad Vashem website‐ Marcel Eintracht. The interviewer says the name Mertzel once which sounds to me like it could be Marcel. In this translation I will refer to him as Eintracht. Summary Yehuda Friedman, born in Krakow and grew up in the Jewish quarter Kajimiesh. In March 1942 was sent to Krakow ghetto. The ghetto was very crowded and it was hard to find a job. Yehuda who was a mechanic found a job in a German car garage in Zvejineska (?) street. He worked every day until 5pm then returned to the ghetto. In order to get to work he had to get a monthly authorization pass (stamp in his Kennkarte –ID). Thiss wa until the Germans stopped allowing people to get out of the ghetto, at that time he was sent to Montelupich prison. Yosef Halperstein arrived to Krakow at the beginning of the war because his family was from Krakow. Since Yosef wasn’t a resident of Krakow he was sent to Promnik, a town nearby. He was in Promnik until the Germans decided to take them to Krakow ghetto. Yosef found a job as a plumber and had to get the monthly authorization pass as well.
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Witness' Family & Given Names: JASTRZĘBSKI Zygmunt
Polish Research Institute at Lund University, Sweden Date of the protocol: Malmö, 6th March 1946, Protocol No. 211 Witness’ family & given names: XXXXXXXXXX Places of internation Born on 8th December 1910 Time period Placed in: Prisoner data Notes from / to (triangle, number, letter) Birth place: Sancygniów, Summer 1940 / AUSCHWITZ Red triangle, 1195, “P” Concentration County, Poland April 1943 camp Profession: Physician Pińczów Nationality: Polish April 1943 / BUCHENWALD Red triangle, 10643, “P” Concentration Polish Summer 1944 camp Religion: Roman Catholic Summer 1944 / “Dora” Red triangle, 10643, “P” Concentration ParentsCitizenship: names (F/M) Edward/Teofila May 3, 1945 camp Last domicile in Poland: Warsaw Present domicile: Warsaw, Poland The testimony consists of 8 pages of handwritten text and covers the following main items: 1. Arresting of the witness with incriminating evidence and first interrogation, transfer to the Montelupich prison in Cracow. Interrogation by the Gestapo – confrontation with the informer; beatings of the witness. Transfer to the prison in Sosnowiec – interrogation. Prison i – compulsory laying down used to punish the prisoners. Return to the prison in Cracow. 2. Year 1940 – Beginningsn o Mysłowicef the camp – first transports. Camp functionaries, recruited from among German criminals. Work conditions. in Auschwit Liquidation of the “group” by Germans. Executions. FirstAuschwitz. “gassings”. 3. Transfer to Buchenwald. WorkOrganization in the “Bombenkommando” z, so called in Cologne. “grupa Return Oświęcim”. to Buchenwald and transfer to Duisburg and then to Lehesten – slate quarry. Living conditions of inmates in that mine. As punishment, witness works in a detail that carries cement sacks. 4. “Dora” – subterranean factory producing “V1” rockets. Beatings and deadly maltreatments.
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USHMM Finding
http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection Peska Verolska (RG-50.308*0014) Up until 1:20 interview is in Polish. Starting 1:20: In October 1939 Peska was in Krakow. She was a member of the youth organization HaShomer Hatzair led by Hersz Bauminger (described by Peska as a very knowledgeable and interesting man). At that time the Jewish holidays (Yom Kipur and Rosh HaShana) were observed as usual, life was quite normal; she attended Hashomer meetings regularly and had a boyfriend named Gustek Duitcher who was a member of the HaShomer Hatzair as well. In 1941 Krakow started to become a ghetto, it was very small and crowded. Peska sewed to help financially support her family in the ghetto. Back then, they knew of one deportation, but didn’t know that people were being sent to the gas chambers; 2 children from her family were taken. At that time people started to form an underground activity in the ghetto, she knew that Hersz Bauminger started to form some activity but wasn’t in touch with him at the time. Her boyfriend Gustek gave her some Aryan paperwork and asked her to meet Akiba’s leader‐ Dolek Liebeskind. She went to See Dolek in the ghetto, Vushka was there too, a beautiful woman with a long braid. Dolek gave her the address and password to an apartment in the city Tarnow. The same day she went to Tarnow, when she arrived to the train station in Tarnow, she saw lots of men and women being taken to Germany; Peska was able to escape.
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Good Spirits Iymc Shoes, Bread, and Soup
O Ś WIĘ CIM ISSN 1899-4407 PEOPLE CULTURE HISTORY GGOODOOD SSPIRITSPIRITS IIYMCYMC SSHOES,HOES, BBREAD,READ, AANDND SSOUPOUP RREMEMBERINGEMEMBERING TTHEHE RREV.EV. SSTANISTANISŁAAWW MMUSIAUSIAŁ CCONCERTONCERT OOFF EENSEMBLENSEMBLE VVOIXOIX ÉÉTOUFFÉESTOUFFÉES no. 4 April 2009 Oś—Oświęcim, People, History, Culture magazine, no. 4, April 2009 EDITORIAL BOARD: Oś—Oświęcim, People, History, Culture magazine EDITORIAL The articles in our April issue include net that attracts not only personalities, test. We warmly invite you to the exhi- a text by former Auschwitz prisoner but also value-laden events.” The Good bition, which is open for viewing at the Czesław Arkuszyński, titled “Shoes and Spirits—that is, the friends and ben- Youth House of Culture in Tychy. Bread—and Soup.” These three things, efactors of the Center—met once again We also invite you to a concert in the in the author’s view, were the prime within its walls at the end of March. We auditorium of the Oświęcim music factors that determined a prisoner’s publish a full account of the ceremony. school on April 25. The performers will chances for survival or death. We are We also direct your attention to the be the French orchestra Ensemble Voix Editor: publishing the ﬁ rst part of the article reminiscences about the Rev., Stanisław Etouffées, who for years have been Paweł Sawicki in this month’s issue. The conclusion Musiał S.J., on the ﬁ fth anniversary of commemorating the work of compos- Editorial secretary: comes next month. his death, and to the article about the ers persecuted by the German regime. Agnieszka Juskowiak Everyone who has ever been a guest of meeting at the Jewish Center with Clila This is the 12th issue of Oś, which means Editorial board: the International Youth Meeting Center and Hadasa Bau, the daughters of the that we have been with you for a year Bartosz Bartyzel Jarek Mensfelt will surely agree with the view that “the Cracow writer, poet, and graphic artist now.
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Record of Witness Testimony 285 Witness Herself
POLISH SOURCE INSTITUTE IN LUND Stockholm, 28 March 1946 Testimony received by Institute Assistant Krystyna Karier transcribed written directly by the Record of Witness Testimony 285 witness herself Here stands Ms Gustawa Winkowska, née Skowrońska born on 23 September 1905 in Ostrów Wielkopolski , occupation secretary (X-ray lab technician) religion Roman Catholic , parents’ forenames Hortensia Skowrońska and Władysław Skowroński Kasza [or Kasz] family residence, last place of residence in Poland ulica Nowotarska [lit. ‘Nowotarska Street’], Zakopane current place of residence c/o Ms MacDonald, Karlavägen 60 I., Stockholm who – having been cautioned as to the importance of truthful testimony as well as to the responsibility for, and consequences of, false testimony – hereby declares as follows: I was interned at the concentration camp in Ravensbrück from 13 September 1941 to 25 March 1945 as a political prisoner bearing the number 7454 and wearing a red -coloured triangle with the letter ‘P’. I was later interned in Aneby and Doverstorp (at camps in Sweden) from 1 May 1945 to 13 September 1945. Asked whether, with regard to my internment and my labour at the concentration camp, I possess any particular knowledge about how the camp was organized, how prisoners were treated, their living and working conditions, medical and pastoral care, the hygienic conditions in the camp, or any particular events concerning any aspect of camp life, I state as follows: For three years of my time at the camp in Ravensbrück, I worked in the office of the camp infirmary and was therefore able to observe crimes being perpetrated against the sick.
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The Aryan- and Polish-Passing Women and Girl Couriers of the Jewish Resistance Movements in Nazi-Occupied Poland
Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects Projects Summer 8-9-2017 The Aryan- and Polish-Passing Women and Girl Couriers of the Jewish Resistance Movements in Nazi-Occupied Poland Farrell Brenner Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone Part of the Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Brenner, Farrell, "The Aryan- and Polish-Passing Women and Girl Couriers of the Jewish Resistance Movements in Nazi-Occupied Poland" (2017). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 997. https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone/997 This Honors Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Farrell Greenwald Brenner 26 April, 2017 ii Abstract In the fight against Nazi occupation, underground Jewish movements in Polish ghettos sought to mount resistances through illegal educational and cultural activity, trafficking individuals and families to safety, and armed resistance. Key to these efforts were the women and girls who smuggled weapons, communications, food, medicine, and people, in and out of the ghettos by passing as Aryan or Polish. However, these couriers have been left out of the mainstream historical narrative; their contributions to both the movements and the historical record have been undercut by a variety of factors. This paper seeks to better understand the processes by which women—and specifically these women—have been neglected and ignored as historical subjects and to recuperate that history.
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The Laughter of Life and Death
Przemysław Paweł Grzybowski emember r Przemysław Paweł Grzybowski is a lecturer in the Chair of General and Comparative Pe- dagogy of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz. His research interests comprise inter- ducate and and ducate cultural education; education in disfavoured environments; tanatopedagogy (education e concerning suffering, ailing, and dying), as well as laughter as a factor of education and The LauGhTer of improving the quality of life. He is the coordinator of the Forum of Young Education- alists “Międzyszkolnik” at the Committee of Pedagogical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences; the supervisor of the Academic Centre for Voluntary Service of KWU; an es- perantist and a doctor clown volunteer. Selected publications: Doktor klaun! Od terapii śmiechem po edukację międzykulturową; Edukacja europejska – od wielokulturowości ku mię- of Life and deaTh dzykulturowości; Edukacja międzykulturowa – konteksty. Od tożsamości po język międzynaro- dowy; Edukacja międzykulturowa – przewodnik. Pojęcia, literatura, adresy; Morycek w szkole. Żydowskie dowcipy o edukacji, w dialogu międzykulturowym; Spotkania z Innymi. Czytanki do edukacji międzykulturowej; Śmiech w edukacji. Od szkolnej wspólnoty śmiechu po edukację międzykulturową; Śmiech życia i śmierci. Od osobistych historii po edukację do pamięci o oku- pacji, gettach i obozach koncentracyjnych. Website: www.grzybowski.ukw.edu.pl hettos and Concentration Camps to to Camps Concentration and hettos g The book comprises some descriptions of the circumstances in which the
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Record of Witness Testimony 211
POLISH SOURCE INSTITUTE IN LUND Malmö, 6 March 1946 Testimony received by Institute Assistant Krystyna Karier transcribed Record of Witness Testimony 211 Here stands Mr Bohdan Gliński born on 8 December 1910 in Sancygniów, Miechów Powiat , occupation doctor religion Roman Catholic , parents’ forenames Edward, Teofila last place of residence in Poland Warsaw current place of residence Warsaw who – having been cautioned as to the importance of truthful testimony as well as to the responsibility for, and consequences of, false testimony – hereby declares as follows: I was interned at the concentration camp in Auschwitz from summer 1940 to April 1943 as a political prisoner bearing the number 1195 and wearing a red -coloured triangle with the letter ‘P’. I was later interned in Buchenwald from April 1943 to summer 1944 as a political prisoner bearing the number 10643, and I wore a red-coloured triangle with the letter ‘P’; then in the ‘Dora’ concentration camp from summer 1944 to 3 May 1945 (including evacuation) – same number and Winkel [triangular badge, Ger.] as at the Buchenwald camp. Asked whether, with regard to my internment and my labour at the concentration camp, I possess any particular knowledge about how the camp was organized, how prisoners were treated, their living and working conditions, medical and pastoral care, the hygienic conditions in the camp, or any particular events concerning any aspect of camp life, I state as follows: [illegible signature] The eyewitness testimony of Mr Bohdan Gliński [note written above text] consists of [/note] eight pages of handwriting and describes the following: 1. Arrest of witness with incriminating evidence and first interrogation; transfer to Montelupich Prison in Cracow.
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The Story of Jewish Resistance in the Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków Ghettos, 1940-1944
From Milk Cans to Toilet Paper: The Story of Jewish Resistance in the Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków Ghettos, 1940-1944 By Jason Michael Hadley A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 14 June 2017 Table of Contents Abstract iii Dedication v Acknowledgements vi Note on Translation vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Warsaw 23 Chapter 2: Łódź 45 Chapter 3: Kraków 71 Conclusion 92 Bibliography 96 ii Abstract The fate of European Jewry was still unwritten when Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party came into power in January 1933; however, over the course of twelve years he and his followers attempted to eradicate the continent’s 9.5 million Jews. Despite the high levels of death and destruction, the Jews did not submit to their oppressors like Hilberg and other scholars had claimed. To resist the Nazis, the Jews often used a pen rather than a gun. By examining the attempts to preserve Jewish history and culture in Poland’s Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków ghettos, I will prove these actions constitute a form of resistance because they were an effort to save Jewish history, values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behavior and circumvent the Nazis efforts to eradicate any trace of Jewish existence. In Warsaw, Emanuel Ringelblum established Oneg Shabbath, the largest underground ghetto archive. He and the highly trained O.S. staff compiled and preserved over 35,000 pages of Jewish history and culture. The members meticulously reviewed everything to ensure accuracy. The collection holds studies, monographs, and testimonies pertaining to every aspect of Jewish life from pre-war to the ghetto experience across Poland.
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