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Intermountain Freshwater Mollusks, USA (<I>Margaritifera, Anodonta, Gonidea, Valvata, Ferrissia</I>): Geography

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Intermountain Freshwater Mollusks, USA (<I>Margaritifera, Anodonta, Gonidea, Valvata, Ferrissia</I>): Geography Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist Volume 2 Article 4 8-13-2004 Intermountain freshwater mollusks, USA (Margaritifera, Anodonta, Gonidea, Valvata, Ferrissia): geography, conservation, and fish management implications Peter Hovingh [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mwnan Recommended Citation Hovingh, Peter (2004) "Intermountain freshwater mollusks, USA (Margaritifera, Anodonta, Gonidea, Valvata, Ferrissia): geography, conservation, and fish management implications," Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mwnan/vol2/iss1/4 This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Monographs of the \Vestern Korth American Kahlralist 2, © 2004, 1'1'.109-13.5 INTERMOUNTAIN FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS, USA (MARGARITIFERA, ANODONTA, GONIDEA, VALVATA, FERRISSIA): GEOGRAPHY, CONSERVATION, AND FISH MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Peter HovinghI ABSTRACT.~Fieid collections at more than 2900 sites and the examination of many museum collections and litera­ ture allowed me to map the historical and current distribution of several freshwater molluscan faunal groups in the Intermountain region of the United States (Great Basin, Colorado River drainage basin, and upper Snake River sub­ basin). Historical and current records show that Margaritifera falcata, Anodonta californiensis, and Ferrissia rivularis have drainage-specific distributions, while Valoata utahensis has a specific drainage pattern, and V californica (new combination) has a dispersed pattern. Shell morphometric data of Valvilla and Ferrissia show extensive shell variation between and within populations. Current surveys show that these molluscan populations have been reduced since the colonization by European descendants over the last 1.50 years. l'vlargariiifera falcaia was found to be extirpated from eastern California, Kevada, and Utah and was common in only 1 stream. Anodonta californiensis populations of 10 or more individuals occurred in only 2 of 13 drainages, as well as in 1 isolated spring. Valvata californica was extirpated in 7 of 10 lakes. Ferrissia rivularis was velY rare in 6 of 12 drainages. Range declines among these fanna are thought to be related to alterations of habitat caused by grazing, irrigation, and urbanization, as well as the intensive management of sport fish in these waters. Key words: mollusks, Intermountain ""Vest, distribution, conservation, fish management, Margaritifera, Anodonta, Gonidea, Valvata, Ferrissia. The Intermountain region of the western that the molecular differentiation indicates United States includes the endorheic Great more complexity than species distribution Basin and its many subbasins; the Columbia­ maps reveal. Snake River basin, largely cutting westward Here I describe the taxonomic and distri­ across the Intermountain region; and the Col­ bution status of mussels (Margaritijera, Ano­ orado River basin, cutting southward across donta, and Gonidea) and gastropods (Valvata the high plateau region. The region is bounded and Ferrissia) in the Intermountain West. by California's Sierra N evadas on the west, the Cascade Range on the northwest, and the .\1ETIIODS AND .\1ATERIALS Continental Divide on the east (Fig. 1). Taylor (1970, 1985) documented the living and fossil FIELD COLLECTIONS.-Field collections con­ freshwater molluscan fauna in western North sisted of visually examining lentic and lotic America and proposed drainage affinities for habitats; benthic sampling with a food strainer; this fauna group. Fish have responded to the and hand collecting from logs, rocks, and complex hydrology with high levels of endem­ debris. .\1ore than 2300 sites within the Great ism at both the species and subspecies levels Basin were surveyed (Fig. 2A, Table 1). Some (Hubbs and .\1iller 1948, Smith 1978). The 587 sites were surveyed in the Colorado River hydrobiid gastropods include many endemic basin, with the Green River (302 sites) and the species, as well as those that have a more gen­ Virgin River tributaries (109 sites) most exten­ eral distribution (Hershler 1998). In contrast sively sUlveyed (Fig. 2B). Over 100 sites were to the differentiation of fish and hydrobiids, surveyed in the upper Snake River drainages amphibians have responded to this complex (not shown). system with little or no morphological differ­ Great Basin springs were selected from entiation (Hovingh 1997), although Green et al. LI00,000 USGS maps. Streams and lakes were (1996, 1997) and Bos and Sites (2001) suggest sampled at accessible sites £i'om roads and trails. 1721 S~c()lld A\'~lI11e, Salt Lake City, UT tH103. 109 110 WESTER'J NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 2 Fig. 1. Locations of aquatic sites named in the text. Springs are ahhreviated as follows: Toiyahe Springs (TS), Fish Springs (FS), and Clover Springs (CS). Lakes are not laheled hut are shown in solid hlack: Bear Lake on the Utah-Idaho horder; the Great Salt Lake in northwestern Utah; Utah Lake, which is drained hy the Jordan River; Sevier Lake, the terminus of the Sevier River; Fish Lake, laheled as Fish in southern Utah; Big Bear Lake, labeled as Big Bear in south­ ern California; Owens and \Valker Lakes as terminals to those drainages; Lake Tahoe on the Nevada-California horder and Pyramid Lake (terminal lake) in the Truckee drainage; Eagle Lake, northwest of Pyramid Lake in Califomia; and Malheur Lake and drainages in southeastern Oregon. Site selection was primarily based on geogra­ for a thorough survey of rivers, but this was phical coverage, and attempts were made to ex­ not attempted. amine all aquatic habitats except high-gradient Initially only live mollusks were collected, streams. I specifically tried to examine histori­ but in later stages of the study, the living mus­ cal molluscan sites in the latter part of the sur­ sels were only noted, and valves alone were vey. The rarity of mussels indicates the need collected. Living Margaritifera falcata were 2004] l:\rTERYIOUNTAIN MOLLUSKS 111 120· 44· 36· 'r;!J ~ .,~. w I \ ~I Fig. 2A. Location of surveyed sites within the Creat Basin (inset). 213. Location of surveyed sites within the Colorado River basin Gletween the Creat Basin and the Continental Divide (dashed line) in the inset ofA. Each dot represents 1 to 10 sites. TABLE 1. Number of river sites surveyed in the Creat (ANSP), Barrick Museum in Las Vegas (UNLV), Basin drainages. Brigham Young University (BYU), California Drainage River sites Total sites Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chicago Acad­ BONNEVILLE BASIN emy of Sciences (CA), Field Museum of Nat­ Bear River 25 203 ural History (FMNH), Los Angeles County Weber River 7 101 Museum (LACM), Museum of Comparative Jordan-Provo Rivers 22 207 Zoology (MCZ), Ohio State University Museum Sevier River 1.5 216 (OSM), Santa Barbara Museum of Natural LAHONTAN BASIN Truckee River 20 52 History (SBMNH), Smithsonian Institution Carson River 14 36 (USNM), University of Colorado, Boulder Walker River 16 4,5 (UCM), University of Michigan Museum of Humboldt River 17 382 Zoology (UMMZ), and Utah Museum of Nat­ DEATH VALLEY BASIN ural History (UU). These museum collections Owens River 10 ,37 were examined during a 10-year period begin­ Mohave River 8 10 Anlargosa River 1 38 ning in 1990. The lots were examined drawer by drawer for geographical records of the Intermountain region. Selected lots were then examined in detail, and the species were com­ too rare to collect at alL In addition, in the pared. Appendix 1 lists the catalog numbers of later stages, shells were collected that may all specimens examined and collected for this represent specimens from Recent to Pliocene paper. deposits. Voucher specimens from this study MORPIIOylETRIC ANALYSES.-Morphometric have been deposited at the Utah Museum of analyses were performed on Valvata (shell Natural History in Salt Lake City. width or diameter and height) and Ferrissia MUSEUM COLLECTIONS.-Museum acronyms (length, width, and height) following Burch follow the designations of Leviton et aL (1985): (1989). The ratio of apex distance from the Academy of Natural Science in Philadelphia posterior to the total length was determined 112 WESTERN NORTH A:VIERICA.\! NATURALIST [Volume 2 with Ferrissia. Measurements were taken using Crossman 1973, Minckley et al. 1986), based an eyepiece with a 64-square grid calibrated on the necessity of salmonid fish for glochidia at 0.1 mm. Other structural characteristics survival. Margaritifera falcata distribution is noted in Valvata were the apex (visible or sup­ more geographically limited than the distribu­ pressed from a lateral view), the umbilicus tion of salmonid fish; it is found in drainages (narrow or wide with the umbilicus apex read­ from the Kern River in southern California to ily visible), whorl sutures (acute to obtuse), the coastal drainages of southeastern Alaska and the presence of collabral or axial striae and east from the northern Great Basin to the with riblets ranging from close together (;2:13 Columbia-Snake River basin and the upper per mm) to well developed (:59 per mm) on Missouri River (Burch 1975, Taylor 1981, 1988). the body whorl (Clarke 1973). Characteristics There are no specimens from the Colorado
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