John Galt, by R
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-CO .ID u c I ^ 18413 ,57 2684 THE A. H. U. COLQUHOUN LIBRARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY 7^ \ UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO STUDIES PHILOLOGICAL SERIES No. 5: JOHN GALT, BY R. K. GORDON THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: PUBLISHED BY THE LIBRARIAN, 1920 of {Toronto Stubiee COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT K.C.M.G. Chairman: SIR ROBERT ALEXANDER FALCONER, LL.D., President of the University PH.D. PROFESSOR W. J. ALEXANDER, M.B. PROFESSOR J. J. MACKENZIE, B.A., PH.D. PROFESSOR J. P. McMuRRicH, D.S.O. BRIG.-GEN. C. H. MITCHELL, B.A.Sc., C.B., C.M.G., PROFESSOR G. H. NEEDLER, PH.D. PROFESSOR GEORGE M. WRONG, M.A. General Editor: H. H. LANGTON, M.A. Librarian of the University of Toronto StuMes COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT Chairman: SIR ROBERT ALEXANDER FALCONER, LL. D., K.C.M.G. President of the University PROFESSOR W. J. ALEXANDER, PH.D. PROFESSOR J. J. MACKENZIE, B.A., M.B. PROFESSOR J. P. MCMURRICH, PH.D. BRIG.-GEN. C. H. MITCHELL, B.A.Sc., C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. PROFESSOR G. H. NEEDLER, PH.D. PROFESSOR GEORGE M. WRONG, M.A. General Editor: H. H. LANGTON, M.A. Librarian of the University THm\>er0it\> of Toronto COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT Chairman: SIR ROBERT ALEXANDER FALCONER, LL. D., K.C.M.G. President of the University PROFESSOR W. J. ALEXANDER, PH.D. PROFESSOR J. J. MACKENZIE, B.A., M.B. PROFESSOR J. P. MCMURRICH, PH.D. BRIG.-GEN. C. H. MITCHELL, B.A.Sc., C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. PROFESSOR G. H. NEEDLER, PH.D. PROFESSOR GEORGE M. WRONG, M.A. General Editor: H. H. LANGTON, M.A. Librarian of the University Y GUELPH \azine, November 1830) JOHN GALT BY R. K. GORDON, M.A. (TORONTO), B.A. (OxoN.) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THB UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY MCMXX TORONTO: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CANADIAN BRANCH JAN 18 1: mp Jfatfjet PREFACE In writing this little book I have received help from many sources. Through the kindness of Professor W. J. Alexander I was enabled to spend a year in Toronto and avail myself of the libraries there. I am indebted to Dr. Alexander Fraser for allowing me to examine a box of Gait's papers in the Ontario Archives; to Mrs. Helmer, of Toronto, for help of various kinds in matter relating to her grandfather's family; to Mr. Justice Gait, of Winnipeg, for the loan of letters; to George Gait, Esq., of Winnipeg, for the loan of books; to Pro- fessor A. H. Young, of Trinity College, for many valuable hints ; to William Smith, Esq., for helpful guidance among the Archives at Ottawa; to Professor 0. D. Skelton, of Queen's University, for lending me the MS. of part of his book on Sir Alexander Gait ; and to R. M. Hogg, Esq., of Irvine, and Her- bert Henderson, Esq., of Greenock, for their trouble in clear- ing up many points. R. K. G. CONTENTS PAGE. CHAPTER I. Life (1779-1820) '. - _ 9 CHAPTER II. The Scotch Novels _ ~. 24 CHAPTER III. The Formation of the Canada Company 45 CHAPTER IV. Gait in Canada (1826-1829) _ 74 CHAPTER V. The Last Ten Years _ 101 APPENDIX The Canadian Boat Song 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 117 ILLUSTRATIONS View of Guelph (from Eraser's Magazine, Nov., 1830) Frontispiece View of Irvine in Gait's day _ facing p. 17 John Gait (from Eraser's Magazine, December, " " 1930) 97 LIFE (1779-1820) CHAPTER I LIFE (1779-1820) ERRATA & Co." Pp. 18 and 19, for "Kirkman, Finlay & Co." read "Kirkman Finlay P. 30, 4 lines from bottom, for "Mr." read "Mrs." P. 33, 6 lines from bottom, for "to" read "of." " Felix Holt." P. 37, line 3," for "Lelix Holt" read P. 42, 6 lines from bottom, for "burghs" read "burgh." " P. 45, note 1, delete (1849)," II., their children William Grizal and 1701) ; Robert William, Hugh, Jean, It is that Alexander (d. 1753) ; James Gait, cooper (d. 1778). probable Alexander Gait (d. 1753) was Gait's grandfather. For the Virginian Gaits see an article The Gait Family of Williamsburg, contributed by Miss Mary M. Gait to the William and Mary College Quarterly (April, 1900.) 3"The young men, in general, are sailors, or go abroad to the West Indies and America as store-keepers and planters." Statist. Acct. of Scot. (vol. 7, p. 172). The dates of his father's birth and marriage are from the Irvine Session Records. LIFE (1779-1820) 9 CHAPTER I LIFE (1779-1820) John Gait was born on May 2, 1779, in Irvine, Ayrshire, at that time a town of about 4,000 inhabitants. 1 His parents lived in High Street in an old-fashioned house long since re- placed by the Union Bank. A stone's throw away lived David Sillar, Burns' "Dainty Davie", and across the road was Dr. MacKenzie, one of Burns' warmest friends. The Gaits had been settled in the district as early as the seventeenth century. Tradition said they had come from Perthshire. Some of them had suffered in the religious perse- cutions, and two ancestors had been banished to the Southern States in 1684. Their descendants still live in Virginia. 2 Gait's Scottish reserve allows us slight but pleasant glimpses of his parents. His father, John Gait, born in 1750, married in 1776 and had three children, John, Thomas, and Agnes. He was the Captain of a West Indiaman and was no doubt responsible for his son's later interest in West Indian 3 matters. Of easy-going nature, moderate ability, and often away from home, he seems to have influenced his son very little. From him Gait inherited his good looks and striking figure. Mrs. Gait was a more strongly marked character, possessed of shrewd common sense, a taste for satire and a 1 A description of Irvine was contributed by Rev. James Richmond, the parish minister, to Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Soot- land (vol. 7, pp. 169, 171). 2 Archaeological and Historical Collections Relating to the Counties of Ayr and Wigtown (vols. 4, 7 land 8). Some of Gait's ancestors are buried in Dreghorn Churchyard, a couple of miles from Irvine (Autobiog. II., 228) John Gait, cooper (d. 1719) ; his wife Marion Crawford (d. 1701) ; their children Robert William, William Hugh, Jean, Grizal and It is Alexander (d. 1753) ; James Gait, cooper (d. 1778). probable that Alexander Gait (d. 1753) was Gait's grandfather. For the Virginian Gaits see an article The Gait Family of Williamsburg, contributed by Miss Mary M. Gait to the William and Mary College Quarterly (April, 1900.) 3"The young men, in general, are sailors, or go abroad to the West Indies and America as store-keepers and planters." Statist. Acct. of Scot. (vol. 7, p. 172). The dates of his father's birth and marriage are from the Irvine Session Records. 10 JOHN GALT mastery of the vernacular which was transmitted to both her sons. Gait learned from her what Carlyle learned from his peasant father. The prudent, observant Mrs. Pringle of The Ayrshire Legatees was drawn from her, and doubtless she also served as model to some extent for all those stirring, thor- ough-handed women with sharp tongues and kindly hearts whom Gait delighted to portray. Gait was a sickly child ; a sort of "all-overishness" a fav- ourite word of his weighed upon him. He could not hold his own in games or studies with the other grammar school boys. 1 He seems to have learned little enough either from the excel- lent dominie or from his private tutor. The best part of his education was got outside the class-room. Lounging on his bed, much to his energetic mother's annoyance, he devoured ballads and 2 story-books Chevy Chase, Blind Harry , Leper the Tailor. He also heard tales and legends from a number of old women in the close behind his grandmother's house. At his grandmother's hearth he heard stories of the smuggling days at the Troon and much else which he later used in the Annals of the Parish. Gardening was another resource for the delicate boy. He liked also to wander among the whin and broom of the commonty northwest of the town and in the woods surrounding Eglinton Castle within a mile of Irvine. One curious incident of his boyhood is worth telling. In 1782 a Mrs. Elspat Buchan arrived in Irvine. She had heard Mr. White, the Relief Minister of Irvine, preach in Glasgow and declared he was the first who had spoken effectually to her sinful heart. She had now come to be further confirmed in J Part of the old grammar school, founded in pre-Reformation days, still stands. Henry Eckford (1775-1832), afterwards famous as a naval architect in America, was one of Gait's schoolfellows. Edgar Allan Poe was there for a short time, probably in 1815 or 1816. John Allan, Poe's foster-father, was a native of Irvine and a nephew of William Gait of Richmond, Virginia. The school may have supplied some details to the sketch in Poe's tale William Wilson. (See Complete Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. J. H. Whitty, 1917.) Some information about Gait's school days was supplied toy G. J. Weir and Alexander Rodger to Miss Harriet Pigott who contemplated writing a life of Gait. This material forms a MS. volume now in The Bodleian and entitled Memoirs of John Gait. 2Galt wrote two poems on Wallace one is printed in The Bachelor's Wife, the other is among his papers and was apparently not published.