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Calcareous Nannoplankton As Paleoceanographic And Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 Calcareous Nannoplankton as Paleoceanographic and Biostratigraphic Proxies: Examples from the Mid-Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic (ODP Leg 207) and Pleistocene of the Antarctic Peninsula (NBP0602A) and North Atlantic (IODP Exp. 306) Denise Kay Kulhanek Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON AS PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC PROXIES: EXAMPLES FROM THE MID-CRETACEOUS EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC (ODP LEG 207) AND PLEISTOCENE OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA (NBP0602A) AND NORTH ATLANTIC (IODP EXP. 306) By DENISE KAY KULHANEK A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2009 Copyright © 2009 Denise Kay Kulhanek All Rights Reserved The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Denise Kay Kulhanek defended on August 6, 2009. __________________________________ Sherwood W. Wise, Jr. Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Philip N. Froelich, Jr. Outside Committee Member __________________________________ William C. Parker Committee Member __________________________________ Yang Wang Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii To my husband Simon iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and encouragement of many, many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Sherwood “Woody” Wise, who encouraged me to take advantage of many different opportunities while I was a doctoral student. Without his support I would not have had the chance to sail as a calcareous nannofossil paleontologist on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 306 to the North Atlantic. He also suggested I sail as the staff scientist on the SHALDRILL II cruise to the Antarctic Peninsula. As a result I was in charge of editing the post-cruise report, which was an invaluable experience. I also helped Woody with the calcareous nannofossil analyses during that cruise, and so obtained samples used for the study in Chapter 3 of this dissertation. Woody also encouraged my involvement with the Antarctic Marine Geology Research Facility (AMGRF), where I got to act as a stand-in for the curators who were in Antarctica during the first Andrill season. I also spent a lot of time doing outreach for the AMGRF, not only giving tours to visitors, but I also worked with Tallahassee teachers to develop activities related to Antarctic geology for school-aged children. Woody may have discouraged me from taking on teaching lecture courses early in my doctoral career, but when I did decide to take on that commitment he was always ready to offer advice, and to pass on any activities that he had successfully used. He was a mentor in many ways, and I know any future success will be due in part to his guidance during my tenure at Florida State. I would also like to thank my committee members: Drs. Bill Parker, Yang Wang, Philip “Flip” Froelich, and Richard Iverson for sharing their expertise with me. Their support and comments were invaluable during each stage of my journey. They offered insight and suggestions not only on my research, but also on future plans, for which I will be forever grateful. I would also like to thank Dr. Bill Parker for all of his help and support as I began teaching the Historical Geology and Paleontology classes. iv My experiences as a doctoral student would not have been complete without the camaraderie and friendship of other graduate students. Their support made this long process that much more enjoyable. I would particularly like to acknowledge my colleagues in the nannofossil lab, who I could always count on to offer advice and help whenever I needed it. My thanks and gratitude go out to Shijun Jiang, Stacie Blair, Aleta Mitchell-Tapping, Susan Foley, Audra Stant, and Kristeen Roessig. Many other students touched my life while I was at Florida State. There are too many to list, but I especially want to acknowledge graduate students Mabry Gaboardi, Dana Bisatti, Reshmi Das, Muriel Hannion, Sulata Ghosh, Nicole Tibbets, Hailin Deng, Soumen Mallick, and Lindsey Geary. As an instructor, many undergraduates touched my heart, and each contributed in his or her own way to my experiences at FSU. The faculty and staff in the Department of Geological Sciences have been a tremendous help to me. Thank you to Ted Zateslo for never giving up on the laptop I used. I know we both wanted to throw it off of the roof, but with his help it lasted until I no longer needed it. Many thanks go out to the ladies in the office: Tami Karl, Necole Bowens, Mary Gilmore, and Sharon Wynn. Each of them answered so many questions for me, and were always more than happy to listen when I needed someone to gripe to. Also thanks to Kim Riddle and the FSU Biological Science Imaging Resource for help with the scanning electron microscope. The ODP Leg 207 study in Chapter 2 used samples and data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program. The ODP is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc. TAMU Task Order F001856 to SWW provided funding for the research. Special thanks are extended to David K. Watkins and Jim Bergen for helpful discussion regarding taxonomy, and to Simon H.H. Nielsen for useful comments on the manuscript. The manuscript was significantly improved by the formal reviews of Elisabetta Erba and Silvia Gardin, as well as comments and suggestions from the editor Taniel Danelian. v The SHALDRIL II study in Chapter 3 was supported by NSF grant 0125526 to S.W. Wise. I would like to thank Steve Bohaty for providing the sampled clast material and the diatom biostratigraphic framework. I would also like to thank Sherwood “Woody” Wise and Simon H.H. Nielsen, who provided helpful suggestions for the initial manuscript. The manuscript was significantly improved by the comments of co-editor John Barron and reviewers David Watkins and Brian Huber. The IODP Expedition 306 study in Chapter 4 used samples provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The research was funded in part by NSF grant T306A33 to me and Woody Wise. Many heartfelt thanks go out to FSU undergraduate student Nicholas Myers for his tireless work sieving and filtering samples for nannofossil slide preparation. Without his help I would still be preparing samples. This study would not have been possible without the help and support of the Expedition 306 scientists, including the co-chiefs Rudy Stein and Toshi Kanamatsu, and staff scientist Carlos Alvarez Zarikian. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Antje Voelker, Jens Grützner, Rudy Stein, and Jens Hefter, whose data I compare my results to. I would also like to thank David Watkins for help with the statistical analyses, and for allowing me to use his lab at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln while writing up this chapter of my dissertation. Finally, thanks to Simon H.H. Nielsen, who (almost) never complained when I constantly badgered him with questions and pieces of manuscript. Thanks to all my family and friends who supported me during my career as a doctoral student. My parents and brother and sister-in-law offered much love and support during this process, especially each time it seemed I would never finish. And to all my aunts, uncles, and many cousins for always asking about my research, even though they had no idea what I was talking about. Thank you to all my friends for your friendship and support during this time. Shoshana Patocka, Claire Larson, and Tawnya Blades, you were always there for me, and I will always treasure our friendship. I would especially like to thank Woody’s former students Jim Pospichal and James Arney (and James’ wife Michelle), who made sure I was fed and stayed hydrated! vi Finally, there are not enough words in the English language to express my thanks and gratitude to my husband Simon H.H. Nielsen, who has the misfortune of also being a geologist. He has offered so much love and encouragement, especially as I was writing and thought the finish line would never appear. His comments and insight made a world of difference, especially for the Chapter 4 project. He always made time to look over bits and pieces of my manuscript, even as he was starting a new job half a world away in Japan. Tusind tak til min ægtermand. Jeg elsker dig for altid! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 What are Calcareous Nannoplankton? ................................................................. 1 Calcareous Nannoplankton as Biostratigraphic Indicators ................................... 3 Calcareous Nannoplankton
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