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Notes on the Yak, Or Grunting Ox, and Other Ruminating Animals from Central Asia

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Notes on the Yak, Or Grunting Ox, and Other Ruminating Animals from Central Asia NOTES ON THE YAK, OR GRUNTING OX, AND OTHER RUMINATING ANIMALS FROM CENTRAL ASIA. By Thomas J. Moore, Esq., with additional Notes by Captain Smyth.* (READ 18m DECEMBBB, 1856.) In the month of March last, a communication on behalf of Captain Edmund Smyth, of the 13th Bengal Native Infantry, was made to the Library and Museum Committee in this town, stating that Captain Smyth, then absent on the Turkish Contingent, was desirous of presenting to the British Museum, and the Museums of Edinburgh and Liverpool, skins of the Yak and other Ruminating Animals recently shot by him in the Himalayas. The offer was most willingly accepted. The specimens, on arrival, proved to be a remarkably fine wild Bull-Yak, a male and female Argali Sheep, the former about four years old; an adult and a yearling Burrhell Sbeep, and a Jemlah Goat. The Yak and the adult Burrhell, being all that room could be made for, were immediately stuffed and exhibited. As all four species are extremely rare in collections, and are very re­ markable animals, I have thought that a few notes respecting them might be of sufficient interest to bring before the notice of the meeting. I shall refer to them in the order in which Ihey occur in the invaluable manual of this Order of Mammalia, forming part of the series of Cata­ logues of the Zoological collection in the British Museum, the volume on Ungulata Furcipeda, by Dr. Gray, to which I have been much indebted in compiling the following pages, while it is to Dr. Gray's suggestion, I believe, that we are originally indebted for this most valuable donation. THE YAK OB GRUNTING Ox OF TAETAEY AND THIBET. Poephagus grunniens, (Linnaeus). The Oxen are divided by Dr. Gray, in the work already referred to, into two groups, each having distinctive characters and habits. The first con- * Since the following paper was read before the Society, Capt. Smyth has returned to England, and on visiting the Museum, he very kindly promised to favour me with hia notes on these animals. These notes, extracted from his journal written on the spot, will be read with extreme interest, and I beg to express my best acknowledge­ ments to Capt. Smyth for permission to add them to my paper, in which they super­ sede much that I had written on the subject. 44 tains the True Oxen, or those living on the plains of warm and temperate regions; and the second, the Oxen of the mountains or snowy regions. This latter contains the Yak, the Takin (Budorcas taxicola, Hodgson, a very remarkable Kurainant from the eastern Himalayas,) and the Musk Ox of the Arctic regions. The Yak was placed by Linnaeus, with all other Oxen known to him, in his single genus Bos, as B. grunniens. From this it was removed by Col. Hamilton Smith, in 1827, and placed in his genus Bison, (as Bison Poephagits,) together with the Gayal of India, the Aurochs of Europe, and the Bison of America. From these it was further separated by Dr. Gray, in the Catalogue of the Mammalia in the British Museum, published in 1843, and formed into a distinct genus as Poephagus grunniens. The Yak is one of the very few animals existing both in a wild and domesticated state; and as the former is very little known, a brief descrip­ tion of our specimen may be desirable. DIMENSIONS. FT. IN. Length of skull (stuffed) from the nose to the occipital ridge . 1 10 Width between the orbits ............. 1 0 Width between the horns at base .......... 0 8 Length of each horn measured along the curve ..... 2 2f Width between the tips .............. 1 2 Length of ears ................ 0 5 Length from the note to the root of the tail ........ 9 4 Do. to the extremity of the tail .......... 12 4 Height at withers ................ 4 6 Do. at rump ................. 4 4 Girth behind the shoulders ............ 7 3 Lengtli of tail ................ 3 0 Do. of the bushy portion ............ 2 4 Length of pendulous hair at flanks .......... 1 6 Do. do. of tail .......... 2 0 The general colour of our animal, which is in its summer coat, is a deep and rich hair brown, palest on the withers, where it is slightly freckled with grey, and becoming a darker brown in every direction as it recedes from this. The hair of the forehead is rather long, and dark brown, the hairs tipped with grey, producing a grizzled appearance, which increases 45 towards the nostrils, while the hair becomes short and close; above the centre of the nostrils is a patch of white, which colour also pervades the lips, and slightly the chin. The muffle, or naked space between the nostrils, is contracted to less than an inch in breadth on the lip. On the ears, cheeks, lower jaws, and upper portion of the throat, the hair is rather long and black; between the horns, and behind the occipital ridge, it is divergent and grizzled. The legs are very dark brown ; the forelegs, from the shoulders nearly to the knees, are covered with long black silky waved hair, as is very nearly the whole length of each flank, and a line rising obliquely across the buttocks, where the colour of the long hair changes to a brown hue. This long pendulous hair, which constitutes one of the chief characteristics of the species, attains its greatest length on the groin and tail. The tail at its origin is clothed with short adpressed hair, which rapidly increases in length, and forms a huge black whisk, completely hiding the remainder of the caudal extremity. Along the ridge of the neck is a dark brown streak, reacliiug nearly to the withers, which are free from any medial line; but the lumbar region is traversed by a pale central streak, which becomes dark brown as it approaches the tail. From the hip a blackish line passes diagonally across the loin; this is composed of slightly longer hair than that on the upper part of the body, the whole of which is short and close. In winter the long hair of the flanks probably extends much higher. The horns are black, very strong, compact, and roundish, diverging outwards at the base, and slightly forwards, then bending backwards with a bold curve, the tips converging towards each other. The hoofs are solid, compact, and black. Dr. A. L. Adams, of the Army Medical Staff, has favoured me with the dimensions of a Yak shot by Mr. Peyton, of the 87th regi­ ment, near Yarkund, Chinese Tartary, which was considered so un­ usually fine an animal as to lead to these dimensions being taken; and they only exceed those of our specimen by 2J inches in the length of horn, li inch in circumference, and 6J inches in span, the length of face and width between the orbits, being the same in both. Dr. Adams states that the grey hairs about the nostrils are found only in wild, not in domestic examples. Being found over a wide extent of territory, the Yak is known by a 46 variety of names. In Thibet the bull is called Yak, and the cow Dhe; in the same country Dhong is the appellation given to the bull in its wild state ; and Yak-mo is another name for the cow, but whether wild or tame is not stated. In Hindostan the species is designated Soora-Goy. Chauri-Gau, and Kash-gow are also applied, the former in Nepaul. The half breed, with what Mr. Vigne ("Travels in Cachmere") calls the common cow, is stated by him to be called Bzoh. The cross common in the north-west Himalayas between the Yak and the Hill Cow (much resembling the English Cow) is called Zobo. Pennant speaks of two domestic varieties, called by the Mongols respec­ tively Ghainouk and Sarlyk; the former he calls the original Thibet race, the latter a degenerate kind. He also speaks of the wild race under the name of Bucha. The exact extent of its range in a wild state is not clearly ascertained. All authors agree in its being found in a thoroughly wild and aboriginal state in Thibet, where it is also domesticated, but owing to the general practice of turning herds of the tame breeds at large to graze on the mountain ranges at will, for several months in the year, there is reason to believe that they have often been mistaken by travellers for the unre­ claimed animal. Mr. Hodgson, the late British Resident at Nepal, says that the Yak inhabits all the loftiest plateaux of High Asia, between the Altai and the Himalaya, the Belut Jag and the Peling mountains, and that it is found tame as well as wild, but without defining its limits in the latter state. The northern slopes of the Himalayas, that descend upon the plains of Yarlumd, the confines of Chinese Tartary, Pamir, and the upper part of Budukhshuu, are inhabited by the wild race, to which must be added the locality of our own specimen, namely, the high mountains to the north of the Milum and Neetee passes from Almorah to Hoondes. The Huzarra ranges and Kunawar are also spoken of, but these require con­ firmation. Little Thibet is too hot for them in winter'Mr. Vigne states, and that in fact the real Yak is not common there, but that those of the half breed are plentiful. Capt. Broome, quoted by Mr. Blyth, has heard of Yaks being seen wild about Kodok, where they are exceedingly savage and dangerous to travellers in the passes.
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