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Iranian Enamels (Minakary) History Sajedeh Norouzi* Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, University Federal of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

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Iranian Enamels (Minakary) History Sajedeh Norouzi* Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, University Federal of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ial Scien oc ce S s Norouzi, Arts Social Sci J 2017, 8:4 d J n o u a r DOI: 10.4172/2151-6200.1000299 s n t a r l A Arts and Social Sciences Journal ISSN: 2151-6200 Review Article Open Access Iranian Enamels (Minakary) History Sajedeh Norouzi* Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract This article is about the Iranian enamels history with scrutiny the history of metal in Iran. It was checked in two parts: before Islam and after Islam in Iran. The Iranian enamels history was checked before Islam in Medes, Achaemenid and Sasanid ages, and after Islam in Seljuq, Safavid, Qajar ages. Keywords: Minakary; Metal; Copper; History civilization shows that has begun metalworking industry in Babylon, Oxus, India and Egypt are of the second half of the forth millennium Introduction BC. Researchers have discovered tow objects in Silk hill near to Kashan For a detailed review of the history of minakary art in Iran we that their life estimated between four thousand to four thousand five need to examine the history of metal detection be mankind. Where hundred years BC that objects have known as the oldest objects that was discovered metal? And how could artists soft to this hard objects discovered in Iran. The copper objects discovered in Eblis hill near to and work on it.The oldest works of art that human has created been Lalaeh Zar river in a hundered kilometers southwest of Kerman that discovered in a fertile region of the middle east that from the north, their life estimated about four thousand eighty – three years BC [1]. For Mediterranean shore and Anatolian mountains and from the south, scrutiny about the metalworking art in Iran we should study it in two Tigris and Euphrates. In this fertile region been discovered the humans parts: pre-Islamic period and the next period of Islam. In pre-Islamic work in during the copper and bronze. The first signs of the use pure period we research in Medians, Achaemenian and Sassanid period and copper for making equipment and industrial tools that is formed by in the next period of Islam we research in Seljuks, Safavian, Qajar and cold wickets. Has been discovered in Anatolian in the presence of the contemporary period. rich copper mines. There is dispute among archaeologist about the exact Per-Islamic Period time of discovery of copper. Some archaeologists believe that copper is discovered of the first time in Egypt because there are a lot of copper In ancient Persia have ruled five dynasties that include: mines in Egypt and discovered many works of ancient time in Egypt 1. Medes 708 to 550 BC and some archaeologists believe that copper is not the first metal that humans discovered and the gold was the first metal that the humans 2. Achaemenian 550 to 330 BC discovered because the shiny gold particles was fascination to humans. 3. Seleucids 330 to 250 BC For this theory they have not been found any things of Neolithic time. That prove discovered gold before copper and because there are a lot of 4. Parthian 250 BC to 226 AD copper mines in the nature and also the copper has ability to hearing 5. Sassanid 226 to 651 AD. wickets in the ambient temperature so we can say humans found the copper for making tools and materials needed. Nobody knows when We want discuss about metalworking art in Iran so we must study built the first copper object by cold wickets in the world. The humans the dynasties in which the metalworking art by artists has changed and before to know metal and took it in him hands understanding soil and we can get a favorable result. they understood that they can use it for make their accessories needed after over the years with increase human’s knowledge about the nature The metal art in Medes age and after many tests and many errors they could create art pottery Around eight hundred years BC emerged a new government in because they knew that they can cook mud for making a durable Iranian plateau especially in west mountainous region of Iran. This object (the second half the fifth millennium BC). The initial furnaces new government founded a unity government in Iranian plateau by for pottery firing caused that humans to again experience for making using cultural ties and ethnic commonalities in areas under their rules. suitable furnaces for ceramics now they could melt metals in pottery This new government was Medes. When they settled in western regions containers and make their necessary tools. The first metal that humans of Iran took effect from there architecture especially of Elamite and could melt was copper. In ancient times they were used casting method community centers and they could have made a big change in their for production of copper. They were beginning to melt copper and then poured it on the sand flat and after freezing made it into the desired shape by cold wickets with the advancement of knowledge and enhance *Corresponding author: Sajedeh Norouzi, Faculty of Philosophy and Social the humans experience briquettes changed respectively of sand to rock Sciences, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel: + 55 21 3938-9600; and to pottery. Archaeologist evidence confirms that Iran’s north and E-mail: [email protected] center were the first and the oldest of metalworking industry center. Received September 14, 2017; Accepted September 18, 2017; Published Iran has a lot of mineral resources. Iran has many natural resources September 22, 2017 in Alborz mountains, edge of the desert in Anarak near to Kerman, Citation: Norouzi S (2017) Iranian Enamels (Minakary) History. Arts Social Sci J 8: jiroft and Ahar. According to the excavation carried out in the first 299. doi: 10.4172/2151-6200.1000299 civilizations (India, Babylon, Oxus, Iran and Egypt) Iran was the first Copyright: © 2017 Norouzi S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted civilization in the world that was able to discover the metalworking use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and industry and expanded it in the world. The objects found of the first source are credited. Arts Social Sci J, an open access journal Volume 8 • Issue 4 • 1000299 ISSN: 2151-6200 Citation: Norouzi S (2017) Iranian Enamels (Minakary) History. Arts Social Sci J 8: 299. doi: 10.4172/2151-6200.1000299 Page 2 of 6 architecture. According to the objects been discovered in the Ziviyeh and Turkey), Phoenicia(Syria and Lebanon), Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, area (regional in Kurdistan) and according to pottery discovered it Armenia, Greek islands in the Black sea, Balkh, Kabul, India, Scythian, seems that Medes took effect from other ethnic groups in the Iranian Kharazm and Saudi. The metal working art was one of the main arts plateau and Scythians (they were relatives of Iranian descent that lived Achaemenid that we can examine it in terms of industrial, artistic and in eastern part of the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan and later, they management. The Achaemenid metal working art is divided into two stayed in Sistan and Zagros). This effect was in shapes and animal subdivisions: Mintage and Royal metal art. The Achamenid metal art them that we can see it more completely in the Achaemenid art. One it’s formed of relying on their former craftsman experience. When the of the most prominent Medes art was metalworking art. Ziviyeh was copper mine was discovered in the fifth millennium years BC it was the most important areas in this age for metalworking art that it was used for wickets on raw metal and in third millennium years BC been beginning of the Medes and Achaemenid metal working art. Medes used of molten copper to be molded to build metal tools and containers. were interested in animal motifs like lion’s head, antelope sleeping with Iranian could expand their commercial relations because they had many long spiral horns, bull that it’s with combining artistic heritage design copper mines so the relations would be changed the Iranian metal art of indigenous people. We can see connection between the Medes [3]. In terms of art the Achaemenid arts was influenced Median art and metalworking art and indigenous people of Lorestan in bronze figurine artists like the Median age were interested to animal. Plant and human of antelope that has been discovered in Hamadan. In Medes time motifs. The animal motifs were of Median age and in the Achaemenid expanded Iranian metalworking art in Salimey (Figures 1 and 2) [2]. was be more beautiful and more perfect that was included of head or full body lion, winged lion, bull, winged bull, ram and antelope. The The metal art in Achaemenid area plant motifs were included of lilies, lotus flower bud, palmer flower, The Achaemenid was dynasty that ruled after Median in Iran. rosette flower and human motifs was included of the king head or him This dynasty was founded by the great Cyrus and that time Iran was body or a soldier in the Persian dress. The interesting thing is we can the biggest rule in the world. According to Bistoun(in Kermanshah), see minakary on the some of metal discovered of Achaemenid age such Naghsh-e-Rostam(Fars), Parseh(Fars) inscriptions, Achaemenid as gold bracelet with lion figure that kept in Victoria Albert museum ruled on Median, Elamite, Part, Babylonia, Assyria, Lydia(Armenia in London and Achaemenid necklace that kept in Miho museum in Japan and Achaemenid bronze bowl that kept in Los Angeles museum.
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