DOCSLIB.ORG

Treatment Delivery: Improving Psychotherapeutic Results

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Treatment Delivery: Improving Psychotherapeutic Results TREATMENT DELIVERY: IMPROVING PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESULTS BY INTEGRATING AFFECTIVE FORECASTING PRINCIPLES By EMILIA RUTH BROWN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Psychology JULY 2016 © Copyright by EMILIA RUTH BROWN, 2016 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by EMILIA RUTH BROWN, 2016 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of EMILIA RUTH BROWN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _____________________________________ Paul Kwon, Ph.D., Chair _____________________________________ Bruce R. Wright, M.D. _____________________________________ Sarah L. Tragesser, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank my advisor, Paul Kwon, Ph.D., for his mentorship and help on this project. In addition, I would like to thank my committee that included Bruce R. Wright, M.D., and Sarah L. Tragesser, Ph.D. for their time and energy. A special thanks goes out to Melissa Falkenstern for her partnership in creating the overall research study in which my data was collected. iii TREATMENT DELIVERY: IMPROVING PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESULTS BY INTEGRATING AFFECTIVE FORECASTING PRINCIPLES Abstract by Emilia Ruth Brown, Ph.D. Washington State University July 2016 Chair: Paul Kwon Research suggests that factors within the therapeutic environment such as the therapeutic alliance and client motivation are strongly tied to treatment success, yet the majority of psychotherapy research focuses on overall treatment modules and/or intervention tasks rather than the specific ways therapists might influence their clients through the way treatments are delivered. This research experiment integrates affective forecasting (AF) research to study whether the delivery of a psychotherapeutic intervention affects participants’ level of impact bias, treatment participation, and outcome. Analyses were conducted on data collected from a longitudinal online experiment completed Fall 2013 – Spring 2014 that randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: delivery, delivery AF, or control. It was predicted that delivery condition and AF levels would affect participation and outcome variables. Analyses revealed that the manipulation was unsuccessful at creating a significant difference in AF levels across the intervention groups. Levels of AF were associated with length of time spent on the task at T-1 and college adjustment. Results had small effect sizes, suggesting that significance was related to the large sample size. Limitations of the study and future directions were discussed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv-v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1-15 Affective Forecasting: Impact Bias .................................................................. 4-8 Delivery of a Task: Adjusting for Impact Bias ............................................... 8-12 Intervention Task: Pennebaker’s Expressive Writing Task .......................... 12-14 Present Study ................................................................................................ 14-15 2. METHOD ........................................................................................................... 15-17 3. MEASURES ....................................................................................................... 17-19 4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 19-23 5. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 23-26 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 27-35 APPENDIX A. APPENDIX A: THREE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ............................. 36-39 B. APPENDIX B: INTERVENTION AND CONTROL TASKS .......................... 40-41 C. TABLES ............................................................................................................. 42-49 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 1. Means and Standard Deviations of Variables .......................................42 2. Table 2a. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Time Spent on Task at Time-1 ............................................43 3. Table 2b. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Time Spent on Task at Time-2 ............................................44 4. Table 3. Correlations Between Outcome Variables at T-1 ................................45 5. Table 4a. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Change in Anxiety Symptoms .............................................46 6. Table 4b. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Change in Depression Symptoms ........................................47 7. Table 4c. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Change in Satisfaction with Life .........................................48 8. Table 4d. Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Effects of AF and Delivery Group on Change in College Adjustment ............................................49 vi Introduction Use of stereotypically female and racial minority names in an email request to meet with professors resulted in biased responding from professors in more lucrative academic departments across the United States (Milkman, Akinola, & Chugh, 2012). When providing one’s name, including a middle initial resulted in being rated higher in status and receiving higher scores on writing evaluations (Van Tilburg & Igou, 2014). These headlining articles and others have made social cognitive research a hot topic in recent years due to the emphasis on how seemingly miniscule differences in the delivery of information can affect perception. This research highlights the malleability of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors based on subconscious responses to the manner in which information is provided. Despite the variety of areas in which this information could be used, as of yet most of this research has remained in the general domains of social psychology and business. Evidence has been accumulating that suggests the need for integrating this information into the domain of clinical psychology in order to ascertain the role of social cognitive factors in the psychotherapeutic process. Specifically, researchers have found little difference between the overall efficacy and effectiveness of the evidence-based treatments used today, often finding variability between therapists rather than treatment type (Luborsky et al., 2002; Kim, Wampold, Bolt, 2006; Serlin, Wampold, & Levin, 2003). When differences have been found, many of these findings have been variable and appear to largely result from therapist allegiance, as the psychotherapy found to be statistically superior is typically the one most used and researched by those conducting the experiments (Elkin, 1999; Falkenström, Markowitz, Jonker, Philips, & Holmqvist, 2013; Luborsky et al., 1999). However, evidence has been found for psychotherapeutic variability among therapists, despite trends to increase standardization (Elkin, 1 1999; Kim et al., 2006). In fact, superior therapeutic outcomes have even been found for a subset of therapists that is independent of theoretical orientation and treatment style (Okiishi, Lambert, Nielsen, & Ogles, 2003). Given this evidence, researchers have been exploring alternative components of therapy. Despite the tendency to ignore the variability in therapists within intervention studies, research has revealed that therapists often should be considered a random factor in statistical analysis due to their variability (Elkin, 1999; Serlin et al., 2003). The magnitude of the therapist effect varies between studies; however, the average therapist effect in treatment outcome studies is believed to be between 5-10% (Crits-Christoph & Mintz, 1991; Wampold & Brown, 2005). One of the primary causes of this therapist effect may be between-therapist differences in ability to implement Rogerian techniques (Zuroff, Kelly, Leybman, Blatt, & Wampold, 2010) and develop the therapeutic alliance (Baldwin, Wampold, & Imel, 2007). However, in terms of explaining the actual differences in this ability, researchers of the therapist effect note that “a wide variety of characteristics could be pertinent, including personality traits, interpersonal styles, interpersonal skills, and preferred therapeutic strategies and interventions” (Zuroff et al., 2010, p. 693). In fact, for decades researchers and clinicians have noted the importance of social influence within the context of psychotherapy (Goldfried & Davila, 2005; Goldstein, 1966; Strong, 1968). In this paper, I argue for the further incorporation of social cognition concepts into research on psychotherapy in order to identify and better understand the variability between therapists. Specifically, I am suggesting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • And Inter-Personal Emotion Regulation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by YorkSpace EXAMINING INTRA- AND INTER-PERSONAL EMOTION REGULATION, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WELL-BEING, AND RELATIONSHIP QUALITY IN EMERGING ADULTHOOD SAMANTHA CHAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO AUGUST 2019 Ó Samantha Chan, 2019 ii Abstract Identifying components of emotion regulation (ER) that contribute to emerging adults’ (18-29 years) psychosocial outcomes is crucial to promoting their development. This study aimed to identify emerging adults’ intra- and inter-personal ER strategy use and explore the associations between their ER strategy use and difficulties and psychosocial outcomes, including internalizing symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress), well-being (subjective happiness and flourishing), and relationship quality. Results showed that emerging adults utilized a range of intra- (e.g., acceptance,) and inter-personal (e.g., enhancing positive affect) ER strategies. The structural equation modelling results indicated that emotion dysregulation was the strongest predictor of emerging adults’ psychosocial outcomes. Some ER strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal, enhancing positive affect) were more strongly associated with emerging adults’ psychosocial outcomes than other strategies. The findings highlight the links between intra- and inter-personal ER and emerging adults’ psychosocial outcomes and can inform mental health intervention programs for emerging adults. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jennine Rawana for all of her invaluable advice and support with this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Biases on Investment Decision: a Case Study in Indonesia
    Kartini KARTINI, Katiya NAHDA / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 8 No 3 (2021) 1231–1240 1231 Print ISSN: 2288-4637 / Online ISSN 2288-4645 doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.1231 Behavioral Biases on Investment Decision: A Case Study in Indonesia Kartini KARTINI1, Katiya NAHDA2 Received: November 30, 2020 Revised: February 07, 2021 Accepted: February 16, 2021 Abstract A shift in perspective from standard finance to behavioral finance has taken place in the past two decades that explains how cognition and emotions are associated with financial decision making. This study aims to investigate the influence of various psychological factors on investment decision-making. The psychological factors that are investigated are differentiated into two aspects, cognitive and emotional aspects. From the cognitive aspect, we examine the influence of anchoring, representativeness, loss aversion, overconfidence, and optimism biases on investor decisions. Meanwhile, from the emotional aspect, the influence of herding behavior on investment decisions is analyzed. A quantitative approach is used based on a survey method and a snowball sampling that result in 165 questionnaires from individual investors in Yogyakarta. Further, we use the One-Sample t-test in testing all hypotheses. The research findings show that all of the variables, anchoring bias, representativeness bias, loss aversion bias, overconfidence bias, optimism bias, and herding behavior have a significant effect on investment decisions. This result emphasizes the influence of behavioral factors on investor’s decisions. It contributes to the existing literature in understanding the dynamics of investor’s behaviors and enhance the ability of investors in making more informed decision by reducing all potential biases.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment Pau Blasi
    Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment Pau Blasi To cite this version: Pau Blasi. Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment. Business administration. Uni- versité Paris sciences et lettres, 2018. English. NNT : 2018PSLED041. tel-02064265 HAL Id: tel-02064265 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02064265 Submitted on 11 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE) entre l’Université Paris Dauphine et la société BNP Paribas Real Estate. Les points de vue et opinions exprimés dans ce document sont ceux de l’auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position de l’Université Paris Dauphine et de BNP Paribas Real Estate. This thesis was carried out through an Industrial Agreements for Training through Research (CIFRE) between Paris Dauphine University and BNP Paribas Real Estate. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of Paris Dauphine University and BNP Paribas Real Estate. 1 2 Remerciements 3 Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier les professeurs Sofiane ABOURA, Alain COEN, Jaume ROIG HERNANDO, Fabrice LARCENEUX et Richard MALLE qui m’ont fait l’honneur de constituer le jury de thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: on Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love
    WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 12-2001 The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_sata Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Comparative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Bekoff, M. (2001). The evolution of animal play, emotions, and social morality: on science, theology, spirituality, personhood, and love. Zygon®, 36(4), 615-655. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado KEYWORDS animal emotions, animal play, biocentric anthropomorphism, critical anthropomorphism, personhood, social morality, spirituality ABSTRACT My essay first takes me into the arena in which science, spirituality, and theology meet. I comment on the enterprise of science and how scientists could well benefit from reciprocal interactions with theologians and religious leaders. Next, I discuss the evolution of social morality and the ways in which various aspects of social play behavior relate to the notion of “behaving fairly.” The contributions of spiritual and religious perspectives are important in our coming to a fuller understanding of the evolution of morality. I go on to discuss animal emotions, the concept of personhood, and how our special relationships with other animals, especially the companions with whom we share our homes, help us to define our place in nature, our humanness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: a Neural Theory of Economic Decision
    Games and Economic Behavior 52 (2005) 336–372 www.elsevier.com/locate/geb The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision Antoine Bechara ∗, Antonio R. Damasio Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Received 8 June 2004 Available online 23 September 2004 Abstract Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuro- science evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision-making and its influence by emotion. The key idea of this hypothe- sis is that decision-making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can oc- cur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously, and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis, and propose a neural model for economic decision, in which emotions are a major factor in the interac- tion between environmental conditions and human decision processes, with these emotional systems providing valuable implicit or explicit knowledge for making fast and advantageous decisions. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Modern economic theory assumes that human decision-making involves rational Bayesian maximization of expected utility, as if humans were equipped with unlim- ited knowledge, time, and information-processing power. The influence of emotions on * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Compassion Is Associated with Less Stress and Depression and Greater Attention and Brain Response to Affective Stimuli in Women Managers Fernanda B
    Pires et al. BMC Women's Health (2018) 18:195 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0685-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Self-compassion is associated with less stress and depression and greater attention and brain response to affective stimuli in women managers Fernanda B. C. Pires1, Shirley S. Lacerda1* , Joana B. Balardin1, Bruna Portes1, Patrícia R. Tobo2, Carla R. C. Barrichello2, Edson Amaro Jr1 and Elisa H. Kozasa1 Abstract Background: Women have been assuming more responsibilities and higher positions in major companies, which exposes them to high levels of stress. Higher perceived work stress is related to higher emotional reactivity. Difficulties with emotional regulation can lead to anxiety and mood disorders, which are more prevalent in women than men. Indeed, women leaders are more likely to experience emotional fatigue than men due to excessive empathy. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between self-compassion (SC) scores to depression symptoms, perceived stress and mindfulness, as well as with brain responses to high-arousal unpleasant and pleasant pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), as measured through functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in women managers. Methods: Forty-six participants were selected for the study. All participants filled the Self Compassion Scale (SCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Mindful Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). After that they were scanned during an fMRI affective response paradigm. Correlation analysis were performed among these variables. Results: Our data suggest that women with higher SC scores respond to affective stimuli with higher activation of the precuneus (a brain region related to self-referential processing), lower levels of stress and depression and show greater attention in everyday activities.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19: Scientific Reasoning, Pragmatism and Emotional Bias
    Gattinoni et al. Ann. Intensive Care (2020) 10:134 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00756-7 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Open Access COVID-19: scientifc reasoning, pragmatism and emotional bias Luciano Gattinoni1*, John J. Marini2, Davide Chiumello3, Mattia Busana1 and Luigi Camporota4 Dear Editor, wide spectrum of opinions (as should be expected when the evidence is patchy and apparently inconsistent), none We thank Dr. Tobin et al. for their comments [1] in beside our own have received such an exacting response. response to our letter [2]. Leaving aside these refections, other considerations need At this time of uncertainty, clinicians turn to experts to be brought to the fore: the quibbling and partial nature and opinion leaders for advice on how to best manage of the objections raised. a patient aficted by a new and complex disease which When trying to piece together the pathophysiology of afects primarily—but not exclusively—the respiratory this unfamiliar entity, to this point we have had to rely system. Under the strains of pandemic practice, everyone on fragmentary evidence, logic and scientifc intuition. is trying hard; clinicians must strike a sensitive and dif- It is not difcult to imagine that to the ideas and exam- fcult balance in managing a relentless caseload with the ples we report in our manuscripts, Dr Tobin—or anyone limited (if not inadequate) resources at their disposal. else—will be able to fnd exceptions and contradicting In the midst of early applause by the general public evidence. Te scientifc literature is full of such examples. and intense scrutiny by healthcare systems and govern- Anyone can do the same—if they simply wish to abrogate ments—it is clear that there has been wide variability a point of view.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republican Theology of Benjamin Rush
    THE REPUBLICAN THEOLOGY OF BENJAMIN RUSH By DONALD J. D'ELIA* A Christian [Benjamin Rush argued] cannot fail of be- ing a republican. The history of the creation of man, and of the relation of our species to each other by birth, which is recorded in the Old Testament, is the best refuta- tion that can be given to the divine right of kings, and the strongest argument that can be used in favor of the original and natural equality of all mankind. A Christian, I say again, cannot fail of being a republican, for every precept of the Gospel inculcates those degrees of humility, self-denial, and brotherly kindness, which are directly opposed to the pride of monarchy and the pageantry of a court. D)R. BENJAMIN RUSH was a revolutionary in his concep- tions of history, society, medicine, and education. He was also a revolutionary in theology. His age was one of universality, hle extrapolated boldly from politics to religion, or vice versa, with the clear warrant of the times.1 To have treated religion and politics in isolation from each other would have clashed with his analogical disposition, for which he was rightly famous. "Dr. D'Elia is associate professor of history at the State University of New York College at New Paltz. This paper was read at a session of the annual meeting of the Association at Meadville, October 9, 1965. 1Basil Willey, The Eighteenth Century Background; Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), p. 137 et passim.
    [Show full text]
  • Prescription Stimulants
    Prescription Stimulants What are prescription stimulants? Prescription stimulants are medicines generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy— uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep. They increase alertness, attention, and energy. What are common prescription stimulants? • dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine®) • dextroamphetamine/amphetamine combination product (Adderall®) • methylphenidate (Ritalin®, Concerta®). Photo by ©iStock.com/ognianm Popular slang terms for prescription stimulants include Speed, Uppers, and Vitamin R. How do people use and misuse prescription stimulants? Most prescription stimulants come in tablet, capsule, or liquid form, which a person takes by mouth. Misuse of a prescription stimulant means: Do Prescription Stimulants Make You • taking medicine in a way or dose Smarter? other than prescribed Some people take prescription stimulants to • taking someone else’s medicine try to improve mental performance. Teens • taking medicine only for the effect it and college students sometimes misuse causes—to get high them to try to get better grades, and older adults misuse them to try to improve their When misusing a prescription stimulant, memory. Taking prescription stimulants for people can swallow the medicine in its reasons other than treating ADHD or normal form. Alternatively, they can crush narcolepsy could lead to harmful health tablets or open the capsules, dissolve the powder in water, and inject the liquid into a effects, such as addiction, heart problems, vein. Some can also snort or smoke the or psychosis. powder. Prescription Stimulants • June 2018 • Page 1 How do prescription stimulants affect the brain and body? Prescription stimulants increase the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine is involved in the reinforcement of rewarding behaviors.
    [Show full text]
  • Does CEO Emotional Bias Affect Performance?
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Souissi, Yasmine; Jarboui, Anis Article Does CEO emotional bias affect performance? Cogent Economics & Finance Provided in Cooperation with: Taylor & Francis Group Suggested Citation: Souissi, Yasmine; Jarboui, Anis (2018) : Does CEO emotional bias affect performance?, Cogent Economics & Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 1-21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1453452 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/194777 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences),
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Panic Prevention: Addressing Emotion in Emergency Communication by Dr
    Beyond Panic Prevention: Addressing Emotion in Emergency Communication By Dr. Peter Sandman Originally published in: Emergency Risk Communication CDCynergy (CD-ROM) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services February 2003. On the Web at: www.psandman.com This is one of three articles I wrote for the CDC’s CD-ROM on emergency risk communication. This one deals with the likely emotional impacts of terrorism (and other major emergencies), and how communicators can best help the public cope with these emotions. The focus is especially on denial and misery as more common emotional reactions than panic — reactions that may be mishandled if the communicator is over-worried about panic prevention instead. This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program for the Office of Communication, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an agreement between the Department of Energy and CDC. —Peter M. Sandman Many risk communication documents, columns, and articles are available at: www.psandman.com www.psandman.com/articles/beyond.pdf Beyond Panic Prevention: Addressing Emotion in Emergency Communication by Peter M. Sandman Copyright © 2002 by Peter M. Sandman September 2002 By far the most common reaction to risky situations is apathy. Figuring out how to combat apathy – how to get people to recognize a risk as serious, to become concerned about it, and to take action – is the mainstay of a risk communication specialist’s job. It is also the mainstay of a health educator’s or health communicator’s job.
    [Show full text]
  • Negative and Positive Bias for Emotional Faces: Evidence from the Attention and Working Memory Paradigms
    Literature Review Negative and Positive Bias for Emotional Faces: Evidence from the Attention and Working Memory Paradigms Qianru Xu1,2, Chaoxiong Ye1,2*, Simeng Gu1,3, Zhonghua Hu1, Yi Lei1, Xueyan Li4, Lihui Huang5, Qiang Liu1 1Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China; 2Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland; 3Department of Medical Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China; 4School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; 5Faculty of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China; Running-head: Negative and positive bias for emotional faces Author Note This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31700948 and no. 31970989), and the Academy of Finland (no. 333649). All the authors had full independence from the funding sources. We would like to thank Dr. Weizhen Xie for the helpful discussion. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Chaoxiong Ye, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China, Email: [email protected]. 1 ABSTRACT Visual attention and visual working memory (VWM) are two major cognitive functions in humans, and they have much in common. A growing body of research has investigated the effect of emotional information on visual attention and VWM. Interestingly, contradictory findings have supported both a negative bias and a positive bias toward emotional faces (e.g., angry faces or happy faces) in the attention and VWM fields. We found that the classical paradigms—that is, the visual search paradigm in attention and the change detection paradigm in VWM—are considerably similar. The settings of these paradigms could therefore be responsible for the contradictory results.
    [Show full text]