DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System s Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 191 Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado June 2016 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 25/05/2016 Final September 2014 to May 2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System Agreement No. R14AP00155 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Ali Sharbat, PhD, PE 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Cal Poly Pomona Foundation, lnc. NUMBER 3801 West Temple Avenue, Building 55 Pomona, California 91768 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation U.S. Department of the Interior Denver Federal Center 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225-0007 NUMBER(S) DWPR Report No. 191 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Online at https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/DWPR_Reports.html 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The declining supply of drinking water for an increasing world population is a global concern with impacts on public health as well as micro and macro economies. A Photovoltaic Electrodialysis (PV-ED) unit is designed and constructed. The unit consists of a direct current power supply that charges batteries to provide a constant current to the unit. This includes an electrodialysis stack (desalinization unit), circulation pumps, a concentrate discharge unit, and a control unit to communicate between the photovoltaic and electrodialysis systems. The controller unit in conjunction with several sensors to monitor flow, conductivity, pressure, water elevation levels, and temperature creates a closed loop feedback system. The logic used in the control system was developed after physical construction of the unit. A closed loop feedback system allows battery charging, power regulation, and product water parameters to be precisely controlled while maintaining maximum efficiency. Based on the experience obtained during this research, the team at Cal Poly Pomona has estimated that this small PV-ED unit can be manufacture with a unit cost of $4,000. The Cal Poly Pomona team is looking into opportunities for implementation of this decentralized PV-ED unit in a disadvantaged community (DAC) in California. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Desalination, Electrodialysis, Photovoltaic 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Yuliana Porras-Mendoza a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT THIS PAGE U 108 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) U U U 303-445-2265 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 2 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 191 Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System Prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation Under Agreement No. R14AP00155 by Ali Sharbat, PhD, PE Cal Poly Pomona Foundation, lnc. 3801 West Temple Avenue, Building 55 Pomona, California 91768 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado June 2016 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgments We would like to thank our project sponsor, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program in the Bureau of Reclamation, and especially Yuliana Porras Mendoza and Saied Delagah for providing their oversight and productive feedback for this effort. Also, we thank our 2014-2015 Senior Project cohort, Michael Lepore, Tiffany Lai, Westley Harijanto, Terrance Gaines, Kalvin Lam, Lucas Townsend, Ik-hyoun Kim, Natalie La, Deanna Lestina, Christine Zheng and Yaochituati Bourdon, in the Civil Engineering department at Cal Poly Pomona for their hard for working on the project in various phases and development of this report. Acronyms and Abbreviations AC alternating current ADC analog to digital converter BGNDRF Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility DAC disadvantaged community DC direct current DI deionized ED electrodialysis EDR electrodialysis reversal ETC Evacuated tube collector FPC Flat plate collector GOR Gain output ratio HD humidification-dehumidification HPC High pressure condenser LCD liquid crystal display MED multi effect distillation MOSFET metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors MPPT maximum power point tracker MSF multistage flash evaporation MVC mechanical vapor compression NF nanofiltration PR Performance ratio PTC Parabolic trough collector PWM pulse width modulation PV photovoltaic Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation RO reverse osmosis RR recovery ratio SD secure digital SEC Specific Energy Consumption SR salt rejection TBT top brine temperature TDS total dissolved solids TVC thermal vapor compression VC vapor compression VVC vacuum vapor compression iii Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination Measurements °C degree Celsius A amp Ah amp hour cm centimeter cm2 square centimeter equiv/L normality g/mol grams per mole gpd gallon per day gph gallon per hour gpm gallon per minute kg kilogram Kva kilo-volt-ampere kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour L liter l/d/m2 liters per day per square meter L/day liter per day L/min liter per minute L/s liter per second m2 square meter m3 cubic meter m3/d cubic meter per day m3/h cubic meter per hour mgd million gallons per day mg/L milligram per liter ml milliliter mL/s milliliter per second mm millimeter mol/L moles per liter Mpa megapascal mS/cm milliSiemen per centimeter S/m Siemen per meter ppm part per million psi pounds per square inch W watt W-hr watts per hour V volt µS/cm microSiemens per centimeter iv Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination Contents Page 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 1 2. Problem ........................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Desalination Around the World .............................................................................. 2 2.2. Desalination Challenges ........................................................................................ 4 2.2.1. Energy Consumption ................................................................................... 4 2.2.2. Concentrate Disposal ................................................................................... 5 2.3. Project Objectives .................................................................................................. 6 3. Technology Background ................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Reverse Osmosis Powered by Renewable Energy .............................................. 6 3.2. Electrodialysis (ED) ............................................................................................. 15 3.3. Electrodialysis Theory ......................................................................................... 16 3.4. Electrodialysis Powered by Renewable Energy .................................................. 20 3.5. Other Desalination Technologies ........................................................................ 25 3.6. Photovoltaic ......................................................................................................... 32 3.7. Comparison of Desalination Technologies .......................................................... 34 4. Project Objectives ......................................................................................................... 35 5. Methodology .................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration, Second Edition
    Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration AWWA MANUAL M46 Second Edition Science and Technology AWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. Copyright © 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 Overview, 1 RO and NF Membrane Applications, 7 Membrane Materials and Configurations, 12 References, 18 Chapter 2 Process Design . 21 Source Water Supply, 21 Pretreatment, 26 Membrane Process Theory, 45 Rating RO and NF Elements, 51 Posttreatment, 59 References, 60 Chapter 3 Facility Design and Construction . 63 Raw Water Intake Facilities, 63 Discharge, 77 Suspended Solids and Silt Removal Facilities, 80 RO and NF Systems, 92 Hydraulic Turbochargers, 95 Posttreatment Systems, 101 Ancillary Equipment and Facilities, 107 Instrumentation and Control Systems, 110 Waste Stream Management Facilities, 116 Other Concentrate Management Alternatives, 135 Disposal Alternatives for Waste Pretreatment Filter Backwash Water, 138 General Treatment Plant Design Fundamentals, 139 Plant Site Location and Layout, 139 General Plant Layout Considerations, 139 Membrane System Layout Considerations, 140 Facility Construction and Equipment Installation, 144 General Guidelines for Equipment Installation, 144 Treatment Costs, 151 References, 162 iii Copyright © 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 4 Operations and Maintenance . 165 Introduction, 165 Process Monitoring, 168 Biological Monitoring, 182 Chemical Cleaning, 183 Mechanical Integrity, 186 Instrumentation Calibration, 188 Safety, 190 Appendix A SI Equivalent Units Conversion Tables .
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Experiment on Electrodialized Separation of Highly Concentrated Multicomponent Technological Solutions at Thermal Power Plants
    E3S Web of Conferences 124, 01029 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401029 SES-2019 Industrial experiment on electrodialized separation of highly concentrated multicomponent technological solutions at thermal power plants A. A. Filimonova1, N. D. Chichirova1, A. A. Chichirov1,*, and A. I. Minibaev1 1 Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia Abstract. The main sources of highly concentrated multicomponent technological solutions at thermal power plants (TPPs) are water treatment plants. Analysis of operation of the ion-exchange water treatment plant at the Nizhnekamsk Thermal Power Plant-1 showed that half of alkali supplied to regeneration of the anion-exchange alkali filters is not used, but is discharged for neutralization and then to wastewater. Due to the fact that the cost of alkali used in technological processes is quite high, it is economically feasible to process the alkaline waste with the alkali extraction and its reuse in the production cycle. The article presents the experimental results on the electro-membrane separation of alkaline waste regeneration solutions and wash water after anion-exchange filter regeneration. The revealed differences in the selectivity of various ion transfer through the electrodialysis apparatus membranes, depending on time and amount of transmitted electricity, allowed us to establish the possibility of obtaining an alkaline solution purified from impurities. 1 Introduction biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, water treatment at power plants, wastewater treatment [12–16]. Thermal power plants (TPPs) in Russia use The main advantage of electrochemical, and electrochemical methods of water treatment in a small especially electro-membrane methods, is that chemical volume and only as additional methods of water reactions and transformations are conducted using purification [1–4].
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Desalination Using MEMS and Salinity-Gradient Solar Pond Technology
    Thermal Desalination using MEMS and Salinity-Gradient Solar Pond Technology University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas Cooperative Agreement No. 98-FC-81-0047 Desalination Research and Development Program Report No. 80 August 2002 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Water Treatment Engineering and Research Group Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suit 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Report (0704-0188), Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED August 2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Thermal Desalination using MEMS and Salinity-Gradient Solar Pond Technology Agreement No. 98-FC-81-0047 6. AUTHOR(S) Huanmin Lu, John C. Walton, and Herbert Hein 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING Bureau of Reclamation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Desalination Research and Denver Federal Center Development Program Report No.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Transfer Phenomena During Electrodialysis of Multivalent Ions: Chemical Equilibria and Overlimiting Currents
    applied sciences Article Mass Transfer Phenomena during Electrodialysis of Multivalent Ions: Chemical Equilibria and Overlimiting Currents Manuel César Martí-Calatayud * , Montserrat García-Gabaldón and Valentín Pérez-Herranz * IEC Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica i Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.C.M.-C.); [email protected] (V.P.-H.); Tel.: +34-96-3877632 (V.P.-H.) Received: 26 July 2018; Accepted: 3 September 2018; Published: 6 September 2018 Featured Application: Selective ion transport through polymer electrolytes is crucial for environmental applications, especially in deionization of water for drinking and irrigation purposes and in effluents’ treatment. Ion transport through permselective membranes is relevant in emerging energy applications as well. Abstract: Electrodialysis is utilized for the deionization of saline streams, usually formed by strong electrolytes. Recently, interest in new applications involving the transport of weak electrolytes through ion-exchange membranes has increased. Clear examples of such applications are the recovery of valuable metal ions from industrial effluents, such as electronic wastes or mining industries. Weak electrolytes give rise to a variety of ions with different valence, charge sign and transport properties. Moreover, development of concentration polarization under the application of an electric field promotes changes in the chemical equilibrium, thus making more complex understanding of mass transfer phenomena in such systems. This investigation presents a set of experiments conducted with salts of multivalent metals with the aim to provide better understanding on the involved mass transfer phenomena. Chronopotentiometric experiments and current-voltage characteristics confirm that shifts in chemical equilibria can take place simultaneous to the activation of overlimiting mass transfer mechanisms, that is, electroconvection and water dissociation.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Thermal Technologies for Desalination of Water from Renewable Energies: a State of the Art Review
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 4 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0033.v1 Review Commercial Thermal Technologies for Desalination of Water from Renewable Energies: A State of the Art Review Jhon Feria-Díaz 1, 2, *, María López-Méndez 1, Juan Rodríguez-Miranda 3, Luis Sandoval-Herazo 1 and Felipe Correa-Mahecha 4 1 Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera Lomas del Cojolite, 93821 Misantla, México; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Universidad de Sucre, Cra. 28 #5-267, Sincelejo, Colombia; [email protected] 3 Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 7 #40b-53, Bogotá, Colombia; [email protected] 4 Fundación Universidad de América, Avda Circunvalar No. 20-53, Bogotá, Colombia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Thermal desalination is yet a reliable technology in the treatment of brackish water and seawater; however, its demanding high energy requirements have lagged it compared to other non- thermal technologies such as reverse osmosis. This review provides an outline of the development and trends of the three most commercially used thermal or phase change technologies worldwide: Multi Effect Distillation (MED), Multi Stage Flash (MSF), and Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD). First, state of water stress suffered by regions with little fresh water availability and existing desalination technologies that could become an alternative solution are shown. The most recent studies published for each commercial thermal technology are presented, focusing on optimizing the desalination process, improving efficiencies, and reducing energy demands. Then, an overview of the use of renewable energy and its potential for integration into both commercial and non- commercial desalination systems is shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrodialysis Principle
    Setup of a 20 m3/h ED/RO plant to produce pure water from river water. A case study focusing on the electrodialysis process and the compatibility with RO pretreatment by Rudolf E. Brunner and Dr. Patrick Altmeier Ioncontract GmbH PCCell GmbH Znaimer Straße 34 Lebacher Straße 60 71263 Weil der Stadt 66265 Heusweiler [email protected] www.electrodialysis.de Electrodialysis principle • Anions move towards anode • Cations move towards cathode • Cation exchange membranes let cations through and block anions • Anion exchange membranes let anions go through and block cations • Electroneutrality 1 Electrodialysis Model Principle of electrodialysis is a stack of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes. Model: A tower block with alternating red and blue floors, filled with people Looking down, youmay see either blue or red floors. Electrodialysis Rules • Yellow: go up! Do not pass blue ceiling! • Green: go down! Do not pass red floor! 2 Apply Rules • All have moved until the blocking rule apply. • Result is: blocking rule apply in each second floor. • Note: We ignored the electroneutrality, for instance. An ED stack scheme 3 Continuous ED processing • A Diluate enter the cell, DC will be processed and Diluate Electrodialyzer out leave the cell as the finished product. Concen- trate out • The solute for the uptake of the ions enter the cell and leave it as the final concentrate. Electrode rinse Diluate • Electrode rinse will be in circulated (option: use of concentrate stream) Concen- trate in continuous mode Batch ED process DC • Each process solutionis Electrodialyzer hydraulical sealand cirulated often. • Ionic concentration shift slowly; each solution remain the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Boron Removal from Dual-Staged Seawater Nanofiltration Permeate by Electrodialysis
    Desalination and Water Treatment 10 (2009) 60–63 www.deswater.com October 1944-3994 / 1944-3986 © 2009 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2009.782 Boron removal from dual-staged seawater nanofiltration permeate by electrodialysis Marian Turek*, Piotr Dydo, Barbara Bandura-Zalska Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. B. Krzywoustego 6, 44–100 Gliwice, Poland Tel. +48 (32) 2372735; Fax +48 (32) 2372277; email: [email protected] Received 30 September 2008; accepted in revised form 10 July 2009 abstract The dual-staged nanofiltration to desalinate seawater is being proposed. The promising energy consumption, much lower than for RO seawater desalination, is reported. However, further reduc- tion in boron is needed. In the authors’ opinion, since the salinity of the second stage NF permeate is rather low, the easiest way to remove boron is to transfer it through an ion-exchange membrane (electrodialysis, ED). The relatively deep demineralization necessity is a shortcoming in the boron removal electrodialysis process, but ED seems to be privileged, since under these conditions boron (most likely borate) with its low mobility has to compete with small Cl– content only. In order to determine the applicability of the electrodialysis for boron removal from dual-staged nanofiltration the set of laboratory measurements was conducted. The simulated dual-staged nanofiltration per- 2+ 2+ + – 2– meate composition was as follows (mg/L): Mg — 0.2; Ca — 0.1; Na — 92; Cl — 117; SO4 — 0.2; B — 2.4. An ED unit, equipped with AMX and CMX Neosepta (Tokuyama Co.) membranes and 0.4 mm membrane-to-membrane distance, was applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Solar Desalination 1. Introduction
    CHAPTER 9 SOLAR DESALINATION John H. Lienhard,1,¤ Mohamed A. Antar,2 Amy Bilton,1 Julian Blanco,3 & Guillermo Zaragoza4 1 Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy, Room 3-162, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 3 Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Carretera de Senes s/n, 04200 Tabernas (Almeria), Spain 4 Visiting Professor of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ¤Address all correspondence to John H. Lienhard E-mail: [email protected] In many settings where freshwater resources or water supply infrastructure are inadequate, fossil energy costs may be high whereas solar energy is abundant. Further, in the industri- alized world, government policies increasingly emphasize the replacement of fossil energy by renewable, low-carbon energy, and so water scarce regions are considering solar-driven desalination systems as a supplement to existing freshwater supplies. Even in regions where petroleum resources are copious, solar-driven desalination is attractive as a means of con- serving fossil fuel resources and limiting the carbon footprint of desalination. Finally, in set- tings that are remote and ‘off-the-grid,” a solar driven desalination system may be more eco- nomical than alternatives such as trucked-in water or desalination driven by diesel-generated electricity. This article reviews various technologies that couple thermal or electrical solar energy to thermal or membrane based desalination systems. Basic principles of desalination are reviewed. Solar stills and humidification-dehumidification desalination systems are dis- cussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Wastewater Treatment by Electrodialysis System and Fouling Problems
    The Online Journal of Science and Technology - January 2016 Volume 6, Issue 1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEM AND FOULING PROBLEMS Elif OZTEKIN, Sureyya ALTIN Bulent Ecevit University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak-Turkey [email protected], VDOWÕQ#NDUDHOPDVHGXWU Abstract: Electrodialysis ED is a separation process commercially used on a large scale for production of drinking water from water bodies and treatment of industrial effluents (Ruiz and et al., 2007). ED system contains ion exchange membranes and ions are transported through ion selective membranes from one solution to another under the influence of electrical potential difference used as a driving force. ED has been widely used in the desalination process and recovery of useful matters from effluents. The performance of ED, depends on the operating conditions and device structures such as ion content of raw water, current density, flow rate, membrane properties, feed concentration, geometry of cell compartments (Chang and et al., 2009, Mohammadi and et al., 2004). The efficiency of ED systems consist in a large part on the properties of the ion exchange membranes. Fouling of ion exchange membranes is one of the common problems in ED processes (Lee and et al., 2009, Ruiz and et al., 2007). Fouling is basically caused by the precipitation of foulants such as organics, colloids and biomass on the membrane surface or inside the membrane and fouling problem reduces the transport of ions. The fouling problems are occasion to increase membrane resistance, loss in selectivity of the membranes and affect negatively to membrane performance (Lee and et al., 2002, Lindstrand and et al., 2000a, Lindstrand and et al., 2000b).
    [Show full text]
  • Demineralization Treatment Technologies for the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation
    Special Publication SJ2004-SP7 Demineralization Treatment Technologies for the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation Technical Memorandum B.7 Demineralization Treatment Technologies For the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation Contract #SE459AA by R. W. Beck, Inc. 800 North Magnolia Avenue, Suite 300 Orlando, Florida 32803-3274 FINAL St. Johns River Water Management District P.O. Box 1429 Highway 100 West Palatka, Florida December 31, 2002 Contents Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Early Desalination Technologies.................................................................... 2 2.0 THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES.................................................... 3 2.1 History.............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Multi-stage Flash Distillation ......................................................................... 4 2.3 Multi-effect Distillation................................................................................... 4 2.4 Vapor Compression......................................................................................... 5 2.5 Thermal Plant Performance Enhancements................................................. 5 3.0 MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Electrodialysis in Waste Water Treatment and Impact Of
    ne Scien ra ce b & m T Akhter and Habib, J Membr Sci Technol 2018, 8:2 e e M c h f n o DOI: 10.4172/2155-9589.1000182 o l l a o Journal of Membrane n g r y u ISSN: 2155-9589 o J Science & Technology Review Article Open Access Application of Electrodialysis in Waste Water Treatment and Impact of Fouling on Process Performance Mohsan Akhter, Ghulam Habib* and Sana Ullah Qamar Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Electrodialysis (ED) is a new advanced separation process that is commonly utilized for producing drinking water from water bodies as well as for the treatment of industrial effluents. ED process is applied on commercial scale. Basically, an ED process consists of an ion exchange membrane and the diving force necessary for applicability of the process is electric potential. Due to the presence of electric potential ions from one solution after passing through ion selective membrane barrier are transferred to another solution. The main factors on which ED process performance depends on concentration of ion in raw water, flow rate, concentration of feed, current density, membrane properties and cell compartments geometry. Fouling which is produced by foulants including organics, colloids and biomass on the inside membrane internal structure or on the outside surface results in reduction of process separation efficiency and energy consumption is enhanced. Fouling increases the membrane resistance and selectivity of membrane is reduced by fouling. Therefore, some methods are proposed to reduce fouling in ED system such as pre-treatment of feed solution, zeta potential control, membrane properties modification and flowrate optimization.
    [Show full text]
  • Citric Acid Concentration by Electrodialysis: Ion and Water Transport Modelling
    Journal of Membrane Science 199 (2002) 59–67 Citric acid concentration by electrodialysis: ion and water transport modelling Lay-Pee Ling, Heng-Fatt Leow, Mohamad Roji Sarmidi∗ Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Received 12 March 2001; accepted 20 September 2001 Abstract The work in this paper was aimed at the study of the ion transport behaviour of citrate ion through ion exchange membranes. A mathematical model to represent the ion and water transport behaviour of an electrodialysis (ED) process for concentrating citric acid under the influence of different current density was developed. This model is valid for any ED process with ion exchange membranes used under a similar operating condition. The value for the phenomenological coefficients is different for other types of membranes and solutes. The corresponding phenomenological coefficients have to be determined experimentally. The reliability of developed ion and water transport model was assessed through comparison with the experimental data. The results obtained showed that the developed ion and water transport model was in good agreement with the experimental data and it could be used to predict the performance of ED for citric acid concentration. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Electrodialysis; Ion exchange membranes; Current density; Citric acid; Ion and water transport 1. Introduction Citric acid is produced by fermentation or by chem- ical synthesis. The production cost in the chemical Citric acid is widely used in the field of pharmaceu- synthesis of citric acid is economically not feasible. ticals, foods, cosmetics and other chemical products.
    [Show full text]