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s Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 191 Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado June 2016 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 25/05/2016 Final September 2014 to May 2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System Agreement No. R14AP00155 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Ali Sharbat, PhD, PE 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Cal Poly Pomona Foundation, lnc. NUMBER 3801 West Temple Avenue, Building 55 Pomona, California 91768 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation U.S. Department of the Interior Denver Federal Center 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225-0007 NUMBER(S) DWPR Report No. 191 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Online at https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/DWPR_Reports.html 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The declining supply of drinking water for an increasing world population is a global concern with impacts on public health as well as micro and macro economies. A Photovoltaic Electrodialysis (PV-ED) unit is designed and constructed. The unit consists of a direct current power supply that charges batteries to provide a constant current to the unit. This includes an electrodialysis stack (desalinization unit), circulation pumps, a concentrate discharge unit, and a control unit to communicate between the photovoltaic and electrodialysis systems. The controller unit in conjunction with several sensors to monitor flow, conductivity, pressure, water elevation levels, and temperature creates a closed loop feedback system. The logic used in the control system was developed after physical construction of the unit. A closed loop feedback system allows battery charging, power regulation, and product water parameters to be precisely controlled while maintaining maximum efficiency. Based on the experience obtained during this research, the team at Cal Poly Pomona has estimated that this small PV-ED unit can be manufacture with a unit cost of $4,000. The Cal Poly Pomona team is looking into opportunities for implementation of this decentralized PV-ED unit in a disadvantaged community (DAC) in California. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Desalination, Electrodialysis, Photovoltaic 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Yuliana Porras-Mendoza a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT THIS PAGE U 108 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) U U U 303-445-2265 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 2 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 191 Development of Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination System Prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation Under Agreement No. R14AP00155 by Ali Sharbat, PhD, PE Cal Poly Pomona Foundation, lnc. 3801 West Temple Avenue, Building 55 Pomona, California 91768 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado June 2016 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgments We would like to thank our project sponsor, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program in the Bureau of Reclamation, and especially Yuliana Porras Mendoza and Saied Delagah for providing their oversight and productive feedback for this effort. Also, we thank our 2014-2015 Senior Project cohort, Michael Lepore, Tiffany Lai, Westley Harijanto, Terrance Gaines, Kalvin Lam, Lucas Townsend, Ik-hyoun Kim, Natalie La, Deanna Lestina, Christine Zheng and Yaochituati Bourdon, in the Civil Engineering department at Cal Poly Pomona for their hard for working on the project in various phases and development of this report. Acronyms and Abbreviations AC alternating current ADC analog to digital converter BGNDRF Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility DAC disadvantaged community DC direct current DI deionized ED electrodialysis EDR electrodialysis reversal ETC Evacuated tube collector FPC Flat plate collector GOR Gain output ratio HD humidification-dehumidification HPC High pressure condenser LCD liquid crystal display MED multi effect distillation MOSFET metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors MPPT maximum power point tracker MSF multistage flash evaporation MVC mechanical vapor compression NF nanofiltration PR Performance ratio PTC Parabolic trough collector PWM pulse width modulation PV photovoltaic Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation RO reverse osmosis RR recovery ratio SD secure digital SEC Specific Energy Consumption SR salt rejection TBT top brine temperature TDS total dissolved solids TVC thermal vapor compression VC vapor compression VVC vacuum vapor compression iii Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination Measurements °C degree Celsius A amp Ah amp hour cm centimeter cm2 square centimeter equiv/L normality g/mol grams per mole gpd gallon per day gph gallon per hour gpm gallon per minute kg kilogram Kva kilo-volt-ampere kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour L liter l/d/m2 liters per day per square meter L/day liter per day L/min liter per minute L/s liter per second m2 square meter m3 cubic meter m3/d cubic meter per day m3/h cubic meter per hour mgd million gallons per day mg/L milligram per liter ml milliliter mL/s milliliter per second mm millimeter mol/L moles per liter Mpa megapascal mS/cm milliSiemen per centimeter S/m Siemen per meter ppm part per million psi pounds per square inch W watt W-hr watts per hour V volt µS/cm microSiemens per centimeter iv Photovoltaic Electrodialysis Desalination Contents Page 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 1 2. Problem ........................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Desalination Around the World .............................................................................. 2 2.2. Desalination Challenges ........................................................................................ 4 2.2.1. Energy Consumption ................................................................................... 4 2.2.2. Concentrate Disposal ................................................................................... 5 2.3. Project Objectives .................................................................................................. 6 3. Technology Background ................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Reverse Osmosis Powered by Renewable Energy .............................................. 6 3.2. Electrodialysis (ED) ............................................................................................. 15 3.3. Electrodialysis Theory ......................................................................................... 16 3.4. Electrodialysis Powered by Renewable Energy .................................................. 20 3.5. Other Desalination Technologies ........................................................................ 25 3.6. Photovoltaic ......................................................................................................... 32 3.7. Comparison of Desalination Technologies .......................................................... 34 4. Project Objectives ......................................................................................................... 35 5. Methodology .................................................................................................................
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