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Morphology and Economic Importance of the Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus Hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)

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Morphology and Economic Importance of the Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus Hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) Morphology and Economic Importance of the Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) By Munhul Hassan Mokhtar B.Sc. (Agric) Honours, University of Khartoum 2005 A thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.Sc.In Crop Protection Supervisor, Dr. Elwasila Guddoura Mohamed [ Department of crop protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum August 2009 DEDICATION To my beloved family Dear mother, father , brother and sister… To the Soul of my dear friends…. I dedicate this work. Munhul أ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I render my thanks and praise to Almighty Allah, who offered me all things to accomplish this work. I am deeply indebted and grateful to my supervisor Dr. Elwasila Guddoura Mohamed for his continuous guidance, valuable advice throughout this study. I would like also to express my thank and appreciation to Dr.Abdel Wahab Hassan Abdallah for his great help in statistical analysis. My thanks are also extended to all members of the department of crop protection and postgraduate students in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum for their continuous consideration and interest. Infinite gratitude and appreciation are due to my family and relatives and all those who helped me in one way or another especially Mr.Emad Ismail, Mr. Atef Abdel Rahim, and Mr. Ismail Awad for their moral support. ب LIST OF CONTENTS Page Dedication i Acknowledgements ii List of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Plates vii English Abstract viii Arabic Abstract x 1. Introduction 1 2. Review of literature 4 2.1The cotton seed bug 4 2.1.1 Classification 4 2.1.2 Taxonomic position 5 2.1.3 Geographical Distribution 5 2.1.3.1 Distribution in Sudan 7 2.1.4 Description: Morphology 8 2.1.4.1 The adult (general) 8 (i)The Adult male 8 (ii)The Adult female 10 2.1.4.2 The egg 13 2.1.4.3 The nymph (general) 13 (1) First nymphal instar 13 (2) Second nymphal instar 14 (3)Third nymphal instar 14 (4)Fourth nymphal instar 14 (5)Fifth nymphal instar 14 2.1.5 Biology (life history) 16 (a) Egg stage 16 (b) Nymphal stages 17 (c)Adult stage 17 2.1.6 Ecology 20 2.1.7 Host plants 21 2.1.7.1 Host Preference 24 2.1.8 Nature and extent of damage 25 2.1.8.1 Damage to the seeds 26 2.1.8.1.1 Effect in germination 26 2.1.8.1.2Effect of damage in seed weight 27 ج 2.1.8.1.3 Effect in seed contents 27 2.1.8.2 Damage to the lint 27 2.1.9. Control 28 2.1.9.1 Cultural control 28 2.1.19.2 Chemical control 29 2.1.9.3 Biological control 31 2.1.9.3.1 Natural Enemies 31 2.1.9.3.2 Fungus 32 3. Materials and methods 33 3.1. Filed survey 33 3.2. Morphological studies 33 3.3. Effect of Bug feeding on seed quality 34 3.4. Statistical Analysis 36 4. Results 37 4.1Morphological study 37 4.2. Seed weigh 37 4.3. Seed germination rate 37 4.4. Seed Oil content 46 4.5. Seed Nitrogen content 46 4.6. Seed Protein content 46 5. Discussion 53 6.References 56 د LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: List of potential and alternative host plants of the cotton 22 seed bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Table 2: Host plants of Oxycarennus hyalinipenis Costa in 23 Shambat Area Table 3: The length of the total body of insect (mm) of the cotton 38 seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Table 4: The length of the antennae (mm) of the cotton seed bug 39 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Table 5: The length of the legs (mm) of the cotton seed bug 40 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Table 6: The length of the forewing /hind wing (mm) of the 41 cotton seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Table 7: Effect of bug feeding on the weight of cotton seeds/mg 42 Table 8: Effect of bug feeding on the rate of germination of 44 Cotton seeds Table 9: Effect of bug feeding on the oil Content of cotton seeds 47 Table 10: Effect of bug feeding on the Nitrogen Content of cotton 49 seeds Table 11: Effect of bug feeding on the Protein Content of cotton 51 seeds ﻩ LIST OF FIGURES Page 43 Figure 1: Effect of bug feeding on the weight of cotton seeds/mg 45 Figure 2: Effect of bug feeding on the germination rate of cotton seeds 48 Figure 3: Effect of bug feeding on the oil Content of cotton seeds 50 Figure 4: Effect of bug feeding on the Nitrogen Content of cotton seed 52 Figure 5: Effect of bug feeding on the Protein Content of cotton seeds و LIST OF PLATES Page Plate 1.A: The adult male stage of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa 12 Plate 1.B: The adult female stage of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa 12 Plate 2: The nymphal stages of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa 15 ز ABSTRACT The cotton seed bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera, Oxycarinidae) is a serious pest of malvaceous plant in Sudan .In the present studies, and under laboratory conditions, attempts were made to investigate some aspects regarding external morphology of the said species. However description of the external morphology of the adult stage was given as well the morphological features of the adult bug by which the two sexes could be separated were indicated . Thorax, head, antennae, and femora are black and the wings are transparent. The average length of adults female and male measured 4.3 and 3.8 mm respectively .The average length of the antennae ,legs , the forewings and hind wings were as follows : 1.849; 1.8, 1.8, 1.6 mm respectively in the male and 2.21, 1.9, 2.1, 1.7 mm respectively in female . Both Nymphs and adults suck the cotton seed contents, resulting in light- weight seeds and decreased the germination rate and oil, protein and nitrogen contents .The estimated damage was found to be 2.3% and 3.7% for seed weight and germination rate respectively. The reduction in oil, Protein and Nitrogen contents was 6.3 %, 12.5 % and 19.5% respectively. ح A fungus has been found growing on the infested seeds by high rate compared with non-infested seeds during the germination test. The species that have been identified in the laboratory were Aspergillus flavus; Micillium.sp and Fusarium .sp. ط اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨــــــــﻠﺺ ﺒﻕ ﺒﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﻥ Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (ﺭﺘﺒـﺔ ﻨﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺤـﻪ : ﻋﺎﺌﻠـﺔ Oxycarinidae) ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺎﺯﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ . ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ، ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻭ ﺃ ﻴ ﻀ ﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺱ . ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭ،ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ،ﻗﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺠل ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ . ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺤﻪ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ . ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻟﻸﻨﺜﻰ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻥ 4.3 ﻭ3.8 ﻤﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ .ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻟﻘﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ، ﺍﻷﺭﺠل ، ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻴـﻪ ، ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺤــﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴــﻪ ﻜــﺎﻵﺘﻲ : 1.8- 1.8- 1.8- 1.6 ﻤﻠــﻡ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟــﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﺘــﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺒﻘﻴــﺎﺱ 2.21/1.9/2.1/1.7 ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ . ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺭﻴـﺎﺕ ﻤ ﻌ ـ ﺎﹰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ 2.3 % 3.7% ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻠل ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﺴـﺒﻪ 6.3 %- -%12.5 19.5% ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ . ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻁﺭﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﻉ Aspergillus flavus ; Micillium.sp and Fusarium sp ي 1. INTRODUCTION In some countries, cotton is a major cash crop and it is a basis for national textile industry and a source of foreign exchange. It is primarily grown as a fiber crop for lint. The principle products of cotton seed is the oil the cake, which is a good source of animal feed, and also useful manure. As the world population is increasing, the demand for natural cotton fiber continues to increase. Today the crop is grown in over 60 countries, on a total of almost 32.4 million hectares, which represents approximately 2.5%, of all cultivated land (Mathews, 1989). In Sudan, cotton is widely grown. It ranks almost first among the main cash crops .The two commercial species cultivated are: the long staple, Gossypium barbadense. L. and the short staple, Gossypium hirsutum L. The area under cotton in the season 1989/90 was about 791.000 feddans (feddan= 1.038 acres), about 67.000 feddans were under rain cultivation. The total production of the above area was 308.400 ton of cotton seed (Atem, 1993). The production of cotton in the Sudan is affected by decreasing its yield, grade and increasing its cost of production. Among the main reasons is the infestation of the insect pests which considered to be the most serious. More than a dozen of different species attack the cotton crop. Each of these 1 species is capable of causing economic yield loss. Annual losses in cotton yield due to insect damage had been estimated as 20% (Gaines, 1967). Insects attack cotton start early in the season and continue until the pulling of the cotton sticks. A number of Hetropterous insects are associated with the cotton crop in different parts of the world .Three groups of these insects stand out above the rest as regards their economic importance, namely, various species of Pentatomidae, or shield bugs, the genus Dysidercus (Pyrrhocoridae), or cotton stainers and the genus Oxycarenus (Lygaeidae)or cotton seed bug .Of these the last one has up to the present received comparatively little attention from entomologists; indeed it is probably no exaggeration to say that of no other widespread and abundant pest of any such commercially important plant as cotton.
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