Master.Cecilie Skaaraas

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Master.Cecilie Skaaraas A Stroll on a Linguistic Tightrope: A Study of Urban Israeli Palestinians’ Language Attitudes and Reported Usage Cecilie Skaaraas Master thesis in Arabic language (60 credits) Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages University of Oslo November 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................5 Abstract...............................................................................................................................................6 Chapter One: Introduction ...........................................................................................................7 1.1 The project ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Outline of the thesis..................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Transcription of Hebrew and Arabic ........................................................................................ 9 1.3.1 The Arabic varieties............................................................................................................... 9 Table 1. Arabic transcription system - consonants ( EALL) .......................................................... 9 Table 2. Arabic transcription system (vowels, dipthongs) EALL ................................................ 10 1.3.2. The Hebrew varieties .......................................................................................................... 10 Table 3. Hebrew transcription system .......................................................................................... 11 Chapter Two: Background.........................................................................................................12 2.1 A minority in its country, the majority of the region............................................................. 12 2.2 “ My state is at war with my nation”....................................................................................... 13 2.3 “Hebrew as my step-mother-tongue” ...................................................................................... 18 2.4 The speech community.............................................................................................................. 20 2.4.1 Israeli districts and their Israeli Palestinian inhabitants....................................................... 20 2.4.2 In Haifa they work ............................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Jaffa - the bride of the sea.................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Three: The theoretical framework. .......................................................................26 3.1 Bilingualism and the choice of code......................................................................................... 26 3.1.1 Domains ............................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Language and identity.......................................................................................................... 28 3.1.3 Code choice as intentional ................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Code-switching and the filling of lexical gaps......................................................................... 30 3.2.1 Cultural borrowing............................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Core borrowing .................................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Marked and unmarked choice ................................................................................................. 32 3.3.1 Code-Switching as an unmarked choice .............................................................................. 33 3.4 Diglossia...................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 The Arabic diglossic continuum .......................................................................................... 34 3.4.2 Code-switching as an unmarked choice in Arabic diglossia ............................................... 35 3.5 Language attitudes, prestige and motivation.......................................................................... 36 3.5.1 Prestige................................................................................................................................. 37 3.5.1.1 Prestige in Arabic diglossia .............................................................................................. 37 2 3.5.1.2 Covert prestige.................................................................................................................. 38 3.5.2 Integrative and instrumental motivations............................................................................. 38 3.5.3 Attitudes towards code-switching........................................................................................ 39 3.6 Two varieties of modern Hebrew............................................................................................. 40 3.7 Code choice among Israeli Palestinians .................................................................................. 41 3.7.1 Code-switching or borrowing .............................................................................................. 42 3.7.2 Attitudes, prestige and motivation ....................................................................................... 45 3.7.3 The status of fuṣḥā among Israeli Palestinians .................................................................... 45 3.8 Hypothesis and research questions.......................................................................................... 46 Chapter Four: Methodology ......................................................................................................48 4.1 The choice of methods............................................................................................................... 48 4.2 The fieldwork............................................................................................................................. 48 4.2.1 Participating observation ..................................................................................................... 49 4.2.2 The interviews...................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.3 Critique of qualitative method ............................................................................................. 50 4.2.4 The questionnaire................................................................................................................. 50 4.3 The informants .......................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.1 The informants and myself .................................................................................................. 52 4.3.2 The interviewees .................................................................................................................. 53 4.3.3 The participants of the questionnaire................................................................................... 54 4.4 Ethical questions........................................................................................................................ 54 Chapter Five: Results and discussion ....................................................................................55 5.1 Reported usage and code preference....................................................................................... 56 5.1.1 Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................... 56 5.1.1.1 Reported usage in spoken communication ....................................................................... 56 5.1.1.2 Reported usage in written communication ....................................................................... 57 5.1.2 Interviews............................................................................................................................. 57 5.1.2.1 Reported and preferred usage in spoken communication ................................................. 57 5.1.2.2 Reported and preferred usage in written communication ................................................. 60 5.2 Prestige and covert prestige ..................................................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................... 62 5.2.1.1. Arabic, Hebrew and English............................................................................................ 62 5.2.1.2 Hebrew: AH and MH........................................................................................................ 63 5.2.2 Interviews and informal conversations ................................................................................ 64 5.2.2.1 Arabic: fuṣḥā....................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • To FORESTS ORDINANCE. in EXERCISE of the Powers Vested In
    Supplement Bo. 2 to Cfje Palestine ®alette Bo. \m of ut\) JFefcruarp, 1944. FORESTS ORDINANCE. PROCLAMATION, No. 3 OF 1944, BY THE HIGH COMMISSIONER. IN EXERCISE of the powers vested in me by section 3 of the Forests C&p. 61 Ordinance, I, SIR HAROLD ALFRED MACMICHAEL, G.C.M.G., D.S.O., High Commissioner for Palestine, do hereby proclaim that the lands described in the Schedule hereto are Forest Reserves under the control and management of the Government. The boundaries of the Forest Reserves are shown diagrammatically by a green line on copies of the village maps of Waldheim and Beit Lahm villages, Haifa Sub-District, scale 1/10,000, prepared by the survey of Palestine, and marked F/508 and F/507 respectively, copies of which are deposited at the office of the Conservator of Forests, Jerusalem. The said boundaries are demarcated by numbered Rock Marks consisting of iron bolts concreted into rocks and T-shaped irons concreted into the ground. Minor boundary details between the numbered marks are demarcated by unnumbered T-shaped irons in• scribed each with the letter 'F'. SCHEDULE. Serial No. of Reserve : 348. Name of Forest Reserve: El Arqub West. Situation : Haifa Sub-District, within the boundaries of Beit Lahm village. Boundaries: — North: Starting from an unnumbered T iron situated on the village boundary be• tween Beit Lahm and Saffuriya about 25 metres north of T iron F/B, the boundary proceeds south-eastwards along the village boundary as far as an Angle Iron marked I 40/F situated at the junction of the village boundaries of Beit Lahm, Saffuriya and Ailut villages.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory Trace Fazal Sheikh
    MEMORY TRACE FAZAL SHEIKH 2 3 Front and back cover image: ‚ ‚ 31°50 41”N / 35°13 47”E Israeli side of the Separation Wall on the outskirts of Neve Yaakov and Beit Ḥanīna. Just beyond the wall lies the neighborhood of al-Ram, now severed from East Jerusalem. Inside front and inside back cover image: ‚ ‚ 31°49 10”N / 35°15 59”E Palestinian side of the Separation Wall on the outskirts of the Palestinian town of ʿAnata. The Israeli settlement of Pisgat Ze’ev lies beyond in East Jerusalem. This publication takes its point of departure from Fazal Sheikh’s Memory Trace, the first of his three-volume photographic proj- ect on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Published in the spring of 2015, The Erasure Trilogy is divided into three separate vol- umes—Memory Trace, Desert Bloom, and Independence/Nakba. The project seeks to explore the legacies of the Arab–Israeli War of 1948, which resulted in the dispossession and displacement of three quarters of the Palestinian population, in the establishment of the State of Israel, and in the reconfiguration of territorial borders across the region. Elements of these volumes have been exhibited at the Slought Foundation in Philadelphia, Storefront for Art and Architecture, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and the Pace/MacGill Gallery in New York, and will now be presented at the Al-Ma’mal Foundation for Contemporary Art in East Jerusalem, and the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center in Ramallah. In addition, historical documents and materials related to the history of Al-’Araqīb, a Bedouin village that has been destroyed and rebuilt more than one hundred times in the ongoing “battle over the Negev,” first presented at the Slought Foundation, will be shown at Al-Ma’mal.
    [Show full text]
  • Hagefen August 11, 2017
    Hagefen www.gfn.co.il August 11, 2017 MENASHE SECTION Menashe Regional Council chair Ilan Sadeh signs the plan for the new industrial zone: Menashe Regional Council The Industrial Zone in Menashe: Planning completed for the Iron Industrial Zone The Menashe Regional Council has completed planning for the Iron Industrial Zone, with all approvals in hand Architect Leah Perry, engineer for the Menashe-Alona Regional Planning and Building Committee, noted that the land area chosen – part of the Menashe regional jurisdiction between the Menashe Regional Center and the Barkai intersection – is close to the country’s main transportation network, in proximity to the Iron interchange on Trans-Israel Highway 6 as well as Highway 2, Route 65 and Israel Railways. The location is also consonant with the master plan for Wadi Ara development. The industrial zone has a total area of 1085 dunams (c. 268 acres), with 628,000 square meters for industrial and commercial buildings and another c. 15,000 square meters of public buildings. by Yaniv Golan This week Menashe Regional Council chairman Ilan Sadeh and architect Leah Perry, the council engineer for the Menashe-Alona Regional Planning and Building Committee, signed off on the plans, which were forwarded for registration with the Haifa District Planning and Building Committee, prior to final approval of the plans. The Iron Industrial Zone will be shared by six Jewish and Arab local councils in the northern Sharon area of Wadi Ara. The new industrial zone is an initiative of Menashe Regional Council chairman Ilan Sadeh. Behind this project is a unique Jewish-Arab partnership involving Jewish councils – the Menashe regional council and the Harish local council – alongside a series of Arab councils in Wadi Ara – the Umm al Fahm municipality, the Kfar Qara local council, the Basma local council (comprising Barta’a, Ein a-Sahle and Muawiya) and the Arara local council.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestine About the Author
    PALESTINE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor Nur Masalha is a Palestinian historian and a member of the Centre for Palestine Studies, SOAS, University of London. He is also editor of the Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. His books include Expulsion of the Palestinians (1992); A Land Without a People (1997); The Politics of Denial (2003); The Bible and Zionism (Zed 2007) and The Pales- tine Nakba (Zed 2012). PALESTINE A FOUR THOUSAND YEAR HISTORY NUR MASALHA Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History was first published in 2018 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK. www.zedbooks.net Copyright © Nur Masalha 2018. The right of Nur Masalha to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro by seagulls.net Index by Nur Masalha Cover design © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑272‑7 hb ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑274‑1 pdf ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑275‑8 epub ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑276‑5 mobi CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1. The Philistines and Philistia as a distinct geo‑political entity: 55 Late Bronze Age to 500 BC 2. The conception of Palestine in Classical Antiquity and 71 during the Hellenistic Empires (500‒135 BC) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Palestinian People
    The Palestinian People The Palestinian People ❖ A HISTORY Baruch Kimmerling Joel S. Migdal HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2003 Copyright © 1994, 2003 by Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America An earlier version of this book was published in 1994 as Palestinians: The Making of a People Cataloging-in-Publication data available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-674-01131-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-674-01129-5 (paper) To the Palestinians and Israelis working and hoping for a mutually acceptable, negotiated settlement to their century-long conflict CONTENTS Maps ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xxi Note on Transliteration xxiii Introduction xxv Part One FROM REVOLT TO REVOLT: THE ENCOUNTER WITH THE EUROPEAN WORLD AND ZIONISM 1. The Revolt of 1834 and the Making of Modern Palestine 3 2. The City: Between Nablus and Jaffa 38 3. Jerusalem: Notables and Nationalism 67 4. The Arab Revolt, 1936–1939 102 vii Contents Part Two DISPERSAL 5. The Meaning of Disaster 135 Part Three RECONSTITUTING THE PALESTINIAN NATION 6. Odd Man Out: Arabs in Israel 169 7. Dispersal, 1948–1967 214 8. The Feday: Rebirth and Resistance 240 9. Steering a Path under Occupation 274 Part Four ABORTIVE RECONCILIATION 10. The Oslo Process: What Went Right? 315 11. The Oslo Process: What Went Wrong? 355 Conclusion 398 Chronological List of Major Events 419 Notes 457 Index 547 viii MAPS 1. Palestine under Ottoman Rule 39 2. Two Partitions of Palestine (1921, 1949) 148 3. United Nations Recommendation for Two-States Solution in Palestine (1947) 149 4.
    [Show full text]
  • ISRAEL Israel Is a Multiparty Parliamentary Democracy with A
    ISRAEL Israel is a multiparty parliamentary democracy with a population of approximately 7.7 million, including Israelis living in the occupied territories. Israel has no constitution, although a series of "Basic Laws" enumerate fundamental rights. Certain fundamental laws, orders, and regulations legally depend on the existence of a "State of Emergency," which has been in effect since 1948. The 120-member, unicameral Knesset has the power to dissolve the government and mandate elections. The February 2009 elections for the Knesset were considered free and fair. They resulted in a coalition government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Israeli security forces reported to civilian authorities. (An annex to this report covers human rights in the occupied territories. This report deals with human rights in Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.) Principal human rights problems were institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against Arab citizens, Palestinian residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (see annex), non-Orthodox Jews, and other religious groups; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; and societal discrimination and domestic violence against women, particularly in Bedouin society. While trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitution decreased in recent years, trafficking for the purpose of labor remained a serious problem, as did abuse of foreign workers and societal discrimination and incitement against asylum seekers. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life The government or its agents did not commit politically motivated killings. The petitioners withdrew their appeal to the High Court against the closure of the inquiry by the Department for Investigations against Police Officers' (DIPO) into the 2008 beating and subsequent coma and death of Sabri al-Jarjawi, a Bedouin.
    [Show full text]
  • From Deficits and Dependence to Balanced Budgets and Independence
    From Deficits and Dependence to Balanced Budgets and Independence The Arab Local Authorities’ Revenue Sources Michal Belikoff and Safa Agbaria Edited by Shirley Racah Jerusalem – Haifa – Nazareth April 2014 From Deficits and Dependence to Balanced Budgets and Independence The Arab Local Authorities’ Revenue Sources Michal Belikoff and Safa Agbaria Edited by Shirley Racah Jerusalem – Haifa – Nazareth April 2014 From Deficits and Dependence to Balanced Budgets and Independence The Arab Local Authorities’ Revenue Sources Research and writing: Michal Belikoff and Safa Ali Agbaria Editing: Shirley Racah Steering committee: Samah Elkhatib-Ayoub, Ron Gerlitz, Azar Dakwar, Mohammed Khaliliye, Abed Kanaaneh, Jabir Asaqla, Ghaida Rinawie Zoabi, and Shirley Racah Critical review and assistance with research and writing: Ron Gerlitz and Shirley Racah Academic advisor: Dr. Nahum Ben-Elia Co-directors of Sikkuy’s Equality Policy Department: Abed Kanaaneh and Shirley Racah Project director for Injaz: Mohammed Khaliliye Hebrew language editing: Naomi Glick-Ozrad Production: Michal Belikoff English: IBRT Jerusalem Graphic design: Michal Schreiber Printed by: Defus Tira This pamphlet has also been published in Arabic and Hebrew and is available online at www.sikkuy.org.il and http://injaz.org.il Published with the generous assistance of: The European Union This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Sikkuy and Injaz and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The Moriah Fund UJA-Federation of New York The Jewish Federations of North America Social Venture Fund for Jewish-Arab Equality and Shared Society The Alan B.
    [Show full text]
  • B'tselem Report: Dispossession & Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley & Northern Dead Sea, May
    Dispossession & Exploitation Israel's policy in the Jordan Valley & northern Dead Sea May 2011 Researched and written by Eyal Hareuveni Edited by Yael Stein Data coordination by Atef Abu a-Rub, Wassim Ghantous, Tamar Gonen, Iyad Hadad, Kareem Jubran, Noam Raz Geographic data processing by Shai Efrati B'Tselem thanks Salwa Alinat, Kav LaOved’s former coordinator of Palestinian fieldworkers in the settlements, Daphna Banai, of Machsom Watch, Hagit Ofran, Peace Now’s Settlements Watch coordinator, Dror Etkes, and Alon Cohen-Lifshitz and Nir Shalev, of Bimkom. 2 Table of contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Statistics........................................................................................................ 8 Land area and borders of the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area....................... 8 Palestinian population in the Jordan Valley .................................................................... 9 Settlements and the settler population........................................................................... 10 Land area of the settlements .......................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two: Taking control of land................................................................................ 15 Theft of private Palestinian land and transfer to settlements......................................... 15 Seizure of land for “military needs”.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • OLD TESTAMENT STUDENT MANUAL 1 KINGS–MALACHI OLD TESTAMENT STUDENT MANUAL 1 KINGS–MALACHI Religion 302
    OLD TESTAMENT STUDENT MANUAL 1 KINGS–MALACHI OLD TESTAMENT STUDENT MANUAL 1 KINGS–MALACHI Religion 302 Prepared by the Church Educational System Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Salt Lake City, Utah Send comments and corrections, including typographic errors, to CES Editing, 50 E. North Temple Street, Floor 8, Salt Lake City, UT 84150-2772 USA. E-mail: [email protected] Third edition Copyright © 1981, 1982, 2003 by Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America English approval: 11/02 Table of Contents Preface . v Chapter 16 The God of Israel and the Nations (Isaiah 36–47) . 179 Maps and Charts . viii Chapter 17 The Gathering of Israel and Chapter 1 Solomon: Man of Wisdom, Man of the Coming of the Messiah Foolishness (1 Kings 1–11) . 1 (Isaiah 48–54) . 191 Chapter 2 “Wisdom Is the Principal Thing; Chapter 18 The Last Days and the Millennium Therefore Get Wisdom” (Proverbs, (Isaiah 55–66) . 203 Ecclesiastes) . 13 Chapter 19 Judah’s Return to Wickedness Chapter 3 “Hast Thou Considered My Servant (2 Kings 21–25). 213 Job?” (Job) . 23 Chapter 20 “The Burden of Nineveh” Enrichment A The Divided Kingdoms . 33 (Nahum) . 219 Chapter 4 A Kingdom Divided against Itself Chapter 21 The Day of the Lord’s Wrath (1 Kings 12–16). 41 (Zephaniah) . 223 Enrichment B Prophets and Seers Chapter 22 A Question Is Asked of the Lord in Ancient Times . 53 (Habakkuk) . 227 Chapter 5 Elijah and the Sealing Power of Enrichment G Babylonia and the Conquest the Holy Priesthood of Judah .
    [Show full text]
  • Suppression of Resistance
    FFORCEDORCED POPULATION TTRANSRANSFFERER:: TTHEHE C CASEASE O OFF P PALESTINEALESTINE SUPPRESSSSIONION OFOF RREESSISISTANCETANCE WorkingWorking Paper Paper No. No. 19 19 This Series of Working Papers on forced population transfer constitutes a digestible overview of the forced displacement of Palestinians as a historic, yet ongoing process, which detrimentally affects the daily life of Palestinians and threatens their national existence. The Series utilizes an inclusive interpretation of the human rights-based approach, emphasizing that obligations under international law must supersede political considerations. Outlining the nuances and the broader implications of forced population transfer requires BADIL بـديـــــل careful scrutiny of Israeli policies aimed BADIL بـديـــــل Resource Center املركز الفلسطيني ,at forcibly transferring Palestinians for PalestinianResource Residency Center and المركز الفلسطيني Refugee Rights ملصـادر حقـــوق املواطنـة for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights والـالجئيـن and their role in the overall system of لمصـادر حقـوق المواطنـة والـالجئيـن suppression in Palestine. December 2016 December 2016 Review and Edit: Nidal Alazza Researchers and Authors: Amaya al-Orzza and Rachel Hallowell Reasearch Assistants: Lisa Auer, Ahmad Lahham, Murad Odah, Haya Abu Shkhaidem and Lana Ramadan Copy-edit: Naomi M. R. Graham and Lubnah Shomali Design and Layout: Fidaa Ikhlayel and Atallah Salem ISBN: 978-9950-339-46-0 All rights reserved © BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights Forced Population Transfer: The Case of Palestine - Suppression of Resistance December 2016 Credit and Notations To honor anonymity and protect the victims, in some cases their names have been omitted and information regarding their locations have been changed. Many thanks to all who have supported BADIL Resource Center throughout this research project and in particular to all interview partners who provided the foundation for this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
    oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter­ communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Road Signs in Israel: Production and Perception
    CHANGING ROAD SIGNS IN ISRAEL: PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION BY NAGHAM FAISAL AWADALLAH THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Master‟s Committee: Professor Rakesh Mohan Bhatt Professor Eyamba G. Bokamba ABSTRACT In Palestine/Israel the struggle to control the land and the people is not merely conducted through physical violence. More subtle attempts for controlling the region and labeling it as belonging for one side rather than the other are implemented. This paper focuses on an Israeli suggestion to change the orthography of city names on road signs so that they are transliterations of the Hebrew name of the city. This one event, the Israeli suggestion to change city names on road signs, is represented to the public by two competing, and mostly opposing, discourses. This paper uses critical discourse analysis to analyze four articles, two of which are written by Arabic media sources, and the other two are written by Israeli ones. This analysis is paired with a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the reactions of participants of different political affiliations to chosen excerpts of the articles. The paper aims at showing how one event is represented differently through different discourses, and how people who are affected be specific discourses react to them. ii To my loving and supportive husband, Samer, and to my parents. This would not have been possible without
    [Show full text]