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Visual and Non-Visual Properties of Filters Manipulating Short-Wavelength Light

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Visual and Non-Visual Properties of Filters Manipulating Short-Wavelength Light bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/596957; this version posted April 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Visual and non-visual properties of filters manipulating short- 2 wavelength light 3 Manuel Spitschan1, 2, 3 ¶, [0000-0002-8572-9268], Rafael Lazar2, 3, [0000-0001-7972-5634], & Christian Cajochen2, 3, [0000- 4 0003-2699-7171] 5 6 1 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom 7 2 Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Switzerland 8 3 Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Switzerland 9 10 ¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr Manuel Spitschan, [email protected] 11 12 13 Abstract 14 Optical filters and tints manipulating short-wavelength light (so-called “blue-blocking” or 15 “blue-attenuating”) are used as a remedy for a range of ocular, retinal, neurological and 16 psychiatric disorders. In many cases, the only available quantification of the optical effects of 17 a given optical filter is the spectral transmittance, which specifies the amount of light 18 transmitted as a function of wavelength. Here, we propose a novel physiologically relevant 19 and retinally referenced framework for quantifying the visual and non-visual effects of these 20 filters, incorporating the attenuation of luminance (luminance factor), the attenuation of 21 melanopsin activation (melanopsin factor), the shift in colour, and the reduction of the colour 22 gamut (gamut factor). We examined a novel data base of optical transmittance filters (n=120) 23 which were digitally extracted from a variety of sources and find a large diversity in the 24 alteration of visual and non-visual properties. We suggest that future studies and 25 examinations of the physiological effects of optical filters quantify the visual and non-visual 26 effects of the filters beyond the spectral transmittance, which will eventually aid in 27 developing a mechanistic understanding of how different filters affect physiology. 28 29 30 Acknowledgements 31 M.S. is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Trust Fellowship (Wellcome Trust 32 204686/Z/16/Z) and a Junior Resaerch Fellowship from Linare College, University of 33 Oxford. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/596957; this version posted April 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 34 Introduction 35 Optical filters can be used to modify the visual input by blocking or attenuating light at 36 specific parts of the visible spectrum1,2. So-called blue-blocking or blue-attenuating filters 37 reduce the amount of short-wavelength light at the eye’s surface, the cornea. Optically, this is 38 typically realised using one of two ways: 1) using a cut-off filter, which blocks or attenuates 39 light below a specific wavelength, 2) using a notch filter, which blocks or attenuates light 40 within a specific short-wavelength light. 41 Optical filters alter the spectral distribution of the light incident on the retinal surface relative 42 to no filtering3. This has direct effects on the activation of the cones and rods in the retina, 43 which allow us to see during the day and night, respectively. In addition, the activity of the 44 melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells, is also modulated by the use of optical filters. 45 These cells, though only making up <1% of retinal ganglion cells, are of great importance to 46 non-visual functions, such as entrainment by the circadian rhythm to the environmental light- 47 dark cycle, and the suppression of melatonin in response to light4. 48 Previous investigations have examined the effects of blue-blocking or -attenuating filters on 49 visual performance5-11, colour vision11-13, and steady-state and dynamic parameters of pupil 50 size14,15. Furthermore, they have received attention in the domain of sleep medicine and 51 chronobiology, where their effects on melatonin suppression16-23, circadian rhythmicity24-28, 52 sleep6,15,19,23,27-31, modulation of alertness by light32,33, and for use by shift or night 53 workers34,35 have been investigated. 54 In addition, blue-blocking or -attenuating filters have been employed in the management of 55 psychiatric and neurological (bipolar disorder36-38, depression30, ADHD39, blepharospasm40,41, 56 migraine42-44, photosensitive epilepsy45, insomnia30,39,46) and retinal conditions (rod 57 monochromacy/achromatopsia47-50, retinitis pigmentosa51, others52), as well as for reducing 58 non-specific photophobia44,53 and eye fatigue54. Coloured filters have also been used 59 previously to improve reading difficulties and relieve visual stress55,56 and symptoms of 60 migraine57, though these are not specifically attenuating short-wavelength light58 (but may, 61 depending on the chosen chromaticity). 62 Across these studies, filters by different manufacturers were used. The terms “blue-blocking” 63 or “blue-attenuating” are not well-defined standardised and therefore, there is great ambiguity 64 about the exact properties of filters carrying those names. The unique characteristic of a filter 65 is its spectral transmittance, which is a quantified specification of how much light is passed 66 through the filter at a given wavelength. But it is impossible to determine the precise effects 67 on various visual and non-visual functions just by examining the spectral transmittance 68 function of a filter. While the transmittance is necessary to determine these effects 69 quantitatively, this cannot be done “by eye”. 70 By changing the spectral distribution of the transmitted light can have a range of different 71 effects. Here, we considered four main effects (Fig. 1), all of which are important to assess 72 the properties of a given filter: 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/596957; this version posted April 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 73 1. Luminance factor [%]: By changing the spectral properties of the incident light, the 74 luminance of the effective stimulus is altered. This attenuation can be expressed as the 75 ratio between the luminance of the filtered spectral distribution to the luminance of 76 the unfiltered spectral distribution. We call this the luminance factor. A luminance 77 factor of 100% corresponds to no change in luminance by the filter. Values >100% 78 are not possible. 79 2. Melanopsin factor [%]: Similarly, the activation of melanopsin may be reduced by the 80 optical filter under investigation. Similar to the luminance factor, the melanopsin 81 factor is expressed as the proportion of melanopsin activation with filter relative to 82 without filter. 83 3. Colour shift: Optical filters with non-uniform transmittance also lead to a shift in the 84 colour appearance of a colour which would appear as white without filter. With blue- 85 blocking filters, these shifts typically occur in the yellow, orange or amber directions. 86 We quantify this colour shift using a Euclidian distance metric in the uniform CIE 87 1976 u’10v’10 colour space based on the CIE 1964 10° observer. 88 4. Gamut factor [%]: Objects of different colours will appear different when seen with a 89 filter. Without the filter, the distribution of differently coloured objects is called the 90 gamut, which is simply the area which the object colours “inhabit” in a colour space. 91 We can compare the area of the gamut when objects are seen through a filter with the 92 area of the gamut without the filter. 93 94 Figure 1: Visual effects of filters. Luminance factor is given as the ratio between the luminance of daylight seen with filter 95 (shown as the beige area) to without filter (shown as the white area). In this case, the luminance with the filter is only about a 96 quarter (23.1%), i.e. the light is only a quarter as bright. Melanopsin factor follows the same calculation, except for the 97 melanopsin photopigment. Because the cut-off wavelength of the filter is outside of the spectral sensitivity of melanopsin, 98 the attenuation is far larger compared to luminance (3.1%). Colour shift is the Euclidian distance in the uniform colour space 99 used here. The smaller the number, the smaller the colour shift. Gamut factor refers to the reduction of the colour space 100 which common surface reflectances inhabit, with and without the filter. In this case, the colour gamut with the filter is only 101 around one fifth (20.1%) of the gamut without the filter. For demonstration purpose, the spectral power distribution was 102 assumed that to be of noon daylight (D65, daylight with a correlated colour temperature [CCT] of 6500K). 103 We note that these four properties of filter are by no means exhaustive, but they allow for a 104 strongly quantifiable and yet intuitive approach of the effects of different optical filters on 105 visual and non-visual function. We also note that our analysis does not include consideration 106 of transmission of light in the UV band and makes no claims about damaging effects of UV 107 or other radiation. Similarly, we did not consider the polarization properties of the filters. 108 We started examining the visual and non-visual filters using simulated filters.
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