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Real Life Application of Xenon: a Critical Review

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Real Life Application of Xenon: a Critical Review Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(9): 2063-2068 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 2063-2068 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.253 Real Life Application of Xenon: A Critical Review Arvind Kumar Chhandak, Rekha Israni and A.V. Trivedi* Bhagwant University Sikar Road Ajmer, 305004, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT This review was aimed to find out real life application of noble gas xenon. The K e yw or ds noble gas xenon (Xe) occupy the zero group of the periodic table. It is fifth Xenon, Real life member of noble gas family. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in application, Arc lamp, the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Xenon has so many application in real High-intensity discharge Arc lamp, life, viz., in arc lamps in xenon HID (high-intensity discharge) lamp and in high Application of xenon pressure arc lamps to produce ultraviolet light. It is used in instruments for in anesthetics, High energy physics. radiation detection, e.g., neutron and X-ray counters and bubble chambers. Xenon is used in medicine as a general anesthetic and in medical imaging. Modern ion Article Info thrusters for space travel use inert gases – especially xenon – for propellant, so Accepted: there is no risk of the explosions associated with chemical propulsion. Xenon is 21 July 2017 also applied in high-energy physics for detecting nuclear radiation in bubble Available Online: chambers. Furthermore, neuroscientists are experimenting with the use of xenon in 10 September 2017 diagnostic procedures to clarify x-ray images of the human brain. Introduction Xenon was discovered by Scottish chemist commercially as a by-product of the William Ramsay and English chemist Morris separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. Travers in July 1898 at the University College London (Ramsay, Sir William, 2015). Xenon Real life application of xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. Its atomic mass is 131.293 Xenon is used in photographic flashes, in high u (Meija, 2016) and electron configuration is pressure arc lamps for motion picture [Kr] 4d105s25p6. It is a colorless, dense, projection and in high pressure arc lamps to odorless noble gas found in the Earth's produce ultraviolet light. It is used in atmosphere in trace amounts (Staff, 2007). instruments for radiation detection, e.g., Although generally unreactive, xenon can neutron and X-ray counters and in bubble undergo a few chemical reactions such as the chambers. Xenon is used in medicine as a formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate. The general anesthetic and in medical imaging. Earth's atmosphere contains about 0.1 part per Modern ion thrusters for space travel use inert million of xenon. It is also found as a gases – especially xenon – for propellant, so component of gases emitted from some there is no risk of the explosions associated mineral springs. Xenon is obtained with chemical propulsion. It is used in 2063 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(9): 2063-2068 neuroscience in imaging and NMR, etc. Real emissions in the near infrared used in some life application of xenon are discussed below night vision systems. Xenon is used as a in detail: starter gas in HID automotive headlights, and high-end "tactical" flashlights (Alchetron, Application xenon in arc lamp 2017) A xenon arc lamp is a specialized type of gas The individual cells in a plasma display discharge lamp, an electric light that produces contain a mixture of xenon and neon ionized light by passing electricity through ionized with electrodes. The interaction of this plasma xenon gas at high pressure (Breeze, 1972) It with the electrodes generates ultraviolet produces a bright white light that closely photons, which then excite the phosphor mimics natural sunlight (Light Equipment, coating on the front of the display (Boeuf, 2009). Xenon arc lamps can be roughly 2003). Xenon is used as a "starter gas" in high divided into three categories: continuous- pressure sodium lamps. It has the lowest output xenon short-arc lamps, continuous- thermal conductivity and lowest ionization output xenon long-arc lamps, and xenon flash potential of all the non-radioactive noble lamps. Each consists of a fused quartz or gases. As a noble gas, it does not interfere other heat resistant glass arc tube, with a with the chemical reactions occurring in the tungsten metal electrode at each end. operating lamp. The low thermal conductivity minimizes thermal losses in the lamp while in The glass tube is first evacuated and then re- the operating state, and the low ionization filled with xenon gas. For xenon flashtubes, a potential causes the breakdown voltage of the third "trigger" electrode usually surrounds the gas to be relatively low in the cold state, exterior of the arc tube. Xenon arc lamps are which allows the lamp to be more easily used in movie projectors in theaters in started (Waymouth, 1979). searchlights and for specialized uses in industry and research to simulate sunlight. It Application of Pulse, dc and ac breakdown is used in flash photography. in high pressure gas discharge lamps Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called An optical study of pulse, dc, and ac (50– xenon flash lamps, used in stroboscopic lamps 400 kHz) ignition of metal halide xenon (Burke, 2003) to excite the active medium in lamps has been performed by investigating lasers which then generate coherent light and, intensified CCD camera images of the occasionally, in bactericidal lamps (Baltás et discharges. The ceramic lamp burners were al., 2003). The first solid-state laser, invented filled with xenon gas at pressures of 300 and in 1960, was pumped by a xenon flash lamp 700 mbar. In comparison with dc and pulse (Toyserkani et al., 2004) and lasers used to ignition, igniting with an AC voltage power inertial confinement fusion are also decreases the ignition voltage by up to 56% pumped by xenon flash lamps. First and the breakdown time scales get much introduced in the 1940s, these lamps replaced longer (~10−3 s compared with ~10−7 s for the shorter-lived carbon arc lamps in movie pulse ignition). Increasing the ac frequency projectors (Mellor, 2000). They are also decreases the ignition voltages and changes employed in typical 35mm, IMAX, and the ionization channel shapes. External digital film projection systems. They are an irradiation of UV light can have either an excellent source of short wavelength increasing or a decreasing effect on ignition ultraviolet radiation and have intense voltages (Beckers, 2008). 2064 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(9): 2063-2068 Application in lasers Application in neuroprotectant In 1962, a group of researchers at Bell Xenon induces robust cardio protection and Laboratories discovered laser action in xenon neuro protection through a variety of (Patel et al., 1962) and later found that the mechanisms. Through its influence on Ca2+, laser gain was improved by adding helium to K+, KATP\HIF, and NMDA antagonism, the lasing medium (Bennett, 1962). The first xenon is neuroprotective when administered excimer laser used a xenon dimer (Xe2) before, during and after ischemic insults energized by a beam of electrons to produce (Schmidt et al., 2005). Xenon is a high stimulated emission at an ultraviolet affinity antagonist at the NMDA receptor wavelength of 176 nm (Basov et al., 1971) glycine site (Banks et al., 2010). Application of xenon in anesthesia Xenon mimics neuronal ischemic preconditioning by activating ATP sensitive Xenon has been used as a general anesthetic. potassium channels (Bantel et al., 2009). Although it is expensive, because advances in Xenon allosterically reduces ATP mediated recovery and recycling of xenon have made it channel activation inhibition independently of economically viable (Tonner, 2006). Xenon the sulfonylurea receptor-1 subunit, interacts with many different receptors and increasing KATP open-channel time and ion channels, and like many theoretically frequency. multi-modal inhalation anesthetics, these interactions are likely complementary. Xenon Xenon gas was added to the ventilation mix is a high-affinity glycine-site NMDA receptor for a newborn baby at St. Michael's Hospital, antagonist (Banks, 2010). Bristol, England, whose life chances were otherwise grim, and was successful, leading Like nitrous oxide and cyclopropane, xenon to the authorisation of clinical trials for activates the two-pore domain potassium similar cases. channel TREK-1. A related channel TASK-3 also implicated in the actions of inhalation Application in imaging anesthetics is insensitive to xenon (Gruss et al., 2004). Xenon inhibits Ca2+ ATPase by Gamma emission from the radioisotope 133- binding to a hydrophobic pore within the Xe of xenon can be used to image the heart, enzyme and preventing the enzyme from lungs, and brain, for example, by means of assuming active conformations (Lopez et al., single photon emission computed 1995). Xenon has a minimum alveolar tomography. 133-Xe has also been used to concentration (MAC) of 72% at age 40, measure blood flow (Van Der Wall, 1992). making it 44% more potent than N2O as an Xenon, particularly hyperpolarized 129-Xe, is anesthetic. Thus, it can be used with oxygen a useful contrast agent for magnetic resonance in concentrations that have a lower risk of imaging (MRI). In the gas phase, it can image hypoxia. Unlike nitrous oxide (N2O), xenon is cavities in a porous sample, alveoli in lungs, not a greenhouse gas and is viewed as or the flow of gases within the lungs (Albert environmentally friendly (Goto et al., 2003) and Balamore, 1998). Because xenon is though recycled in modern systems, xenon soluble both in water and in hydrophobic vented to the atmosphere is only returning to solvents, it can image various soft living its original source, without environmental tissues (Wolber et al., 1998; Driehuys et al., impact.
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